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Abdelhaleim, Ayman Fathy; Amer, Ahmed Y; Soliman, Jehan S Abdo

doi:10.7759/cureus.c20

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…The authors suggest a 'zinc deficiency anemia', which needs further evaluation (64) . In this regard, it should be pointed out that nutritional deficits often include several elements concomitantly, as shown for Zn and Fe, Se and others (10,63,65,69) . Since the association of anaemia with an increased risk and severe progression of COVID-19 has not been clearly established, this will not be discussed further in this article.…”

Section: Zinc Deficiency Alters Haematopoiesis and Disturbs The Balance Of Innate And Adaptive Immune Cells Largely To The Detriment Of Cmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This finding together with the observation that the osmotic fragility of erythrocyte membranes is elevated in animals with dietary Zn deficiency, as are levels of lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial and microsomal membranes, suggests that there might be some interconnection between Zn deficiency and anaemia (62) . Indeed, serum hypozincaemia is commonly observed in anaemic subjects (61,(63)(64)(65)(66) . However, importantly, a causal association between Zn deficiency and anaemia has so far not been established clearly and is discussed controversially.…”

Section: Zinc Deficiency Alters Haematopoiesis and Disturbs The Balance Of Innate And Adaptive Immune Cells Largely To The Detriment Of Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19

et al. 2021

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The importance of zinc for human health becomes obvious during zinc deficiency. Even mild insufficiencies of zinc cause alterations in haematopoiesis and immune functions, resulting in a pro-inflammatory phenotype and a disturbed redox metabolism. Although immune system malfunction is the most obvious effect, the functions of several tissue cell types are disturbed if zinc supply is limiting. Adhesion molecules and tight junction proteins decrease while cell death increases, generating barrier dysfunction and possibly organ failure. Taken together, zinc deficiency both weakens the resistance of the human body towards pathogens and at the same time increases the danger of an overactive immune response that may cause tissue damage. The case numbers of COVID-19 are still increasing, which is causing enormous problems for health systems and economies. There is an urgent need to reduce both the number of severe cases and the resulting deaths. While therapeutic options are still under investigation,and first vaccines have been approved, cost-effective ways to reduce the likelihood of or even prevent infection, and the transition from mild symptoms to more serious detrimental disease, are highly desirable. Nutritional supplementation might be an effective option to achieve these aims. In this review, we discuss known zinc deficiency effects in the context of an infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its currently known pathogenic mechanisms and elaborate on how severe pre-existing zinc deficiency may pre-dispose patients to a severe progression of COVID-19. First published clinical data on the association of zinc homeostasis with COVID-19 and registered studies in progress are listed.

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Section: Zinc Deficiency Alters Haematopoiesis and Disturbs The Balance Of Innate And Adaptive Immune Cells Largely To The Detriment Of Cmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Zinc Deficiency Alters Haematopoiesis and Disturbs The Balance Of Innate And Adaptive Immune Cells Largely To The Detriment Of Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19

et al. 2021

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“…Similarly, trace-elements such as zinc, copper, and selenium are required as co-factors for a variety of enzymes involved in antioxidant reactions, and have been implicated in boosting the immune system [ 291 , 292 ]. Several mineral deficiencies often occur together, such as low iron together with low zinc status [ 293 ].…”

Section: Dietary Constituents As Key Factors Of a Strong Immune Symentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

et al. 2020

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The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Challenges arise concerning how to optimally support the immune system in the general population, especially under self-confinement. An optimal immune response depends on an adequate diet and nutrition in order to keep infection at bay. For example, sufficient protein intake is crucial for optimal antibody production. Low micronutrient status, such as of vitamin A or zinc, has been associated with increased infection risk. Frequently, poor nutrient status is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn can impact the immune system. Dietary constituents with especially high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity include vitamin C, vitamin E, and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Several of these can interact with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf-2, related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, respectively. Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2. Dietary fiber, fermented by the gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, has also been shown to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we highlight the importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis.

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“…On the other hand, in those cases seen in a few mouse mutants where folic acid supplementation increases the NTD risk, perhaps high iron supplementation may prevent NTDs. Similar to how iron deficient‐anemic patients may present with lower folate levels (Herbig & Stover, 2002), serum levels of zinc have been indicated as lower in iron deficient‐anemic patients, though these correlations have not been tested in NTDs (Abdelhaleim, Abdo Soliman, Amer, & Abdo Soliman, 2019). Analysis of an NTD cohort did suggest that both iron and magnesium levels were significantly reduced in NTD cases; thus, the interplay between iron and magnesium should also be considered in NTDs (Groenen et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Case For Ra Zinc and Iron Imbalance In Ntdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronutrient imbalance and common phenotypes in neural tube defects

Kakebeen

Niswander

2021

Genesis

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Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common birth defects, with a prevalence of close to 19 per 10,000 births worldwide. The etiology of NTDs is complex involving the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Since nutrient deficiency is a risk factor and dietary changes are the major preventative measure to reduce the risk of NTDs, a more detailed understanding of how common micronutrient imbalances contribute to NTDs is crucial. While folic acid has been the most discussed environmental factor due to the success that population-wide fortification has had on prevention of NTDs, folic acid supplementation does not prevent all NTDs. The imbalance of several other micronutrients has been implicated as risks for NTDs by epidemiological studies and in vivo studies in animal models. In this review, we highlight recent literature deciphering the multifactorial mechanisms underlying NTDs with an emphasis on mouse and human data. Specifically, we focus on advances in our understanding of how too much or too little retinoic acid, zinc, and iron alter gene expression and cellular processes contributing to the pathobiology of NTDs. Synthesis of the discussed literature reveals common cellular phenotypes found in embryos with NTDs resulting from several micronutrient imbalances. The goal is to combine knowledge of these common cellular phenotypes with mechanisms underlying micronutrient imbalances to provide insights into possible new targets for preventative measures against NTDs.

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Correction

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19

Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19

Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

Micronutrient imbalance and common phenotypes in neural tube defects

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