Correction for "'Caseness' for Depression and Anxiety in a Depressed Outpatient Population

Abstract

Objective: To examine the diagnostic status of patients enrolled in the Factors Influencing Depression Endpoints Research (FINDER) study and symptomatic outcomes and baseline characteristics associated with remission 6 months after commencing antidepressant therapy.Method: Status of clinically diagnosed depressed patients was based on self-rated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores. Five diagnostic categories were defined: noncaseness, mixed anxiety-depression (subthreshold depressive and anxious symptomatology), caseness for depression, caseness for anxiety, and caseness for comorbid anxiety-depression. Assessments included the Somatic Symptom Inventory and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey. Remission rates (based on HADS noncaseness for both depression and anxiety) and their associations with baseline characteristics were investigated. Patients were enrolled between May 2004 and September 2005.Results: Of the 3,353 patients enrolled, 66.4% met the HADS criteria for probable depressive disorder and 74.1% met the HADS criteria for probable anxiety disorder. Somatic symptom severity (painful and nonpainful) was highest and HRQoL was lowest in the comorbid anxiety-depression group. After 6 months, remission rates were 50.2% for caseness for depression, 40.4% for caseness for anxiety, and 40.6% for caseness for comorbid anxiety-depression. A lower number of previous depressive episodes, shorter current episode duration, lower painful and nonpainful somatic symptom scores, being married, a higher educational level, and working for pay were most consistently associated with higher remission rates.Conclusions: Physicians do not always differentiate between anxiety and depressive symptoms when making a clinical diagnosis of depression. At baseline, most enrolled patients had significant emotional depressive and anxious symptoms, as well as significant nonpainful and painful somatic symptomatology, and these factors were associated with outcome.

Health care costs before and after diagnosis of depression in patients with unexplained pain: a retrospective cohort study using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database

“…Previous studies have found that moderate to severe pain is common in patients with depression 31,37. More severe pain has been associated with more severe depression,38 a worse course of depression,10,39 a lower likelihood of or longer time to response or remission,15,40,41 a poorer health-related quality of life,14 and increased health care utilization 10. Recent data extracted from the GPRD has shown greater health service use and costs in patients with non-remission of depression compared with those who achieve remission (defined as successful cessation of antidepressant treatment for at least 6 months) 42…”

Superoxide imbalance triggered by Val16Ala‐SOD2 polymorphism increases the risk of depression and self‐reported psychological stress in free‐living elderly people

“…Numerous studies have consistently suggested the existence of a bidirectional relationship between oxidative stress inflammation and these conditions (Demyttenaere et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2018;Prenderville, Kennedy, Dinan, & Cryan, 2015;Straub & Cutolo, 2018). Previous investigations have suggested that oxi-inflammatory states triggered by depression and/or chronic psychological stress appear to be associated with the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Lopresti, Maker, Hood, & Drummond, 2014), including superoxide anion levels produced by NADPH oxidase activation or some impairment in superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes (Seo et al, 2012;Uchihara, Tanaka, Asano, Tamura, & Mizushima, 2016;Xie et al, 2017).…”

The impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on painful physical symptoms among patients with major depressive disorder

“…Patients with depression are often comorbid with anxiety, which is related to a greater severity and a poorer treatment prognosis [ 17 , 18 ]. Anxiety disorders also interact with PPS [ 19 - 21 ]; for example, a patient with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has a greater severity of PPS as compared with a control [ 21 ].…”

“…As described above, MDD, migraine, anxiety disorders, and PPS are closely related and interact [ 1 , 2 , 14 , 21 , 22 ]. Although many studies have investigated the impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on patients with MDD [ 12 , 16 - 18 , 23 ], no study has reported the impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on PPS among patients with MDD, to the best of our knowledge. Investigating the above issue is mandatory.…”