“…Lateral-access cage insertion techniques via the retroperitoneal space have been invented to reduce the problems related to TLIF procedures, including lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) or oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) [ 2 , 4 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. LLIF is conducted via the intermuscular approach dissecting the psoas muscle; thus, it can cause psoas muscle-related complications, including anterior thigh pain, leg weakness, nerve root injury, and others [ 2 , 4 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 25 , 29 ].…”