Correction of Polandʼs Pectoralis Major Muscle Anomaly with Latissimus Dorsi Musculocutaneous Flaps

Loss of pectoral muscles: Treatment with latissimus dorsi muscle rotational flap

“…6,7,9,13,17,19 The major concern was cosmetic appearance and creating a living tissue base to help breast reconstruction, especially in female patients. 6,9,13,17 Ireland et al 7 mention in their article that "the absent pectoral muscles infrequently cause functional impairment despite Poland's original clinical description." There is even debate about the use of the latissimus dorsi muscle for cosmetic reasons in male patients with Poland's syndrome with concern about functional loss.…”

“…3,4,10 However, little has been reported about surgical correction of an acquired pectoralis deficiency, as it has been believed that it does not cause any disability in daily living. 13,17 Reconstruction of pectoralis deficiency has been described, but these studies were related to congenital absence of the pectoralis musclesthat is, Poland's syndrome. 6,7,9,13,17,19 The major concern was cosmetic appearance and creating a living tissue base to help breast reconstruction, especially in female patients.…”

“…6,7,9,13,17,19 The major concern was cosmetic appearance and creating a living tissue base to help breast reconstruction, especially in female patients. 6,9,13,17 This report describes the total loss of the pectorals from a gunshot injury (acquired deficiency of both pectoral muscles)-an unusual mechanism of injury-in a heavy laborer who had weakness in bringing his arm across the chest, which was managed by latissimus dorsi muscle transfer.…”

Correction of pectus excavatum with free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap

“…However, a silicone implant is a foreign body and the safety of its use is still a matter of controversy. Ohmori and Takada described correction of Poland's pectoralis major myocutaneous muscle anomaly with a pedicled latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap [5], and this technique has subsequently been used to correct pectus excavatum.…”

Congenital Breast Deformity Reconstruction Using Perforator Flaps

“…10,11 Autologous tissue with/without implant prosthesis can also be used for reconstruction of the deformity. The 2 most commonly used myocutaneous flaps are the ipsilateral latissimus dorsi flaps 11,12 and TRAM flaps. 11,13,14 The latissimus dorsi flap has been well described for use in Poland chest-wall and breast deformity and almost always requires the use of a submuscular implant to provide adequate projection for the breast reconstruction.…”