Correction: Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional exploratory study

Dar, Shabir Ahmad; Khurshid, Syed; Wani, Zaid Ahmad; Khanam, Aaliya; Haq, Inaamul; Shah, Naveed Nazir; Shahnawaz, Mir; Mustafa, Hena

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244715

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…First, we compared our number with the study by Dar et al, which used the original version of the questionnaire. 18 The mean stigma score in Dar et al was 28.5, whereas, in this study, the mean score was 24.6. Second, we compared our results with those of a previous study, which classified stigma into levels.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

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Stigma Experienced by Patients Who Recovered from COVID-19 in Post-Vaccination Period in Thailand; Prevalence and Associated Factors

Techapoonpon,

Kerdchareon,

Polruamngern

et al. 2023

PRBM

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Purpose Social stigma related to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been a public concern since its emergence, especially in the patients who are reintegrating into their society. However, the insights into COVID-19 stigmatization after vaccine availability are limited. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, severity and associated factors of stigma experienced by patients who recovered from COVID-19 and reintegrated into their communities. The insights gained from this study are not only beneficial to COVID-19 but can also be used as a background information in future epidemics. Patients and Methods This study consisted of two phases. The first phase involved the translation and validation of the COVID-19-related stigma questionnaire. The second phase was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey conducted between January and February 2022, at the Vajira Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. A series of questionnaires regarding stigma, negative emotions (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21), and personal information were administered to COVID-19 patients who were already discharged and returned to their communities from June 2021 to February 28, 2022 (N = 354). Results The prevalence of stigma among the patients who recovered from COVID-19 was 57.9%. These were classified as mild (28.2%), moderate (21.5%), and severe (8.2%). Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that longer admissions (r = - 0.151, p = 0.001) and longer duration from discharge (r = - 0.222, p = 0.001) were related to lower stigma. Higher stigma was associated with higher levels of depression (r = 0.528, p <0.001), anxiety (r = 0.506, p <0.001) and stress (r = 0.583, p <0.001). Conclusion Social stigma related to COVID-19 in Thailand declined during the post-vaccination period. However, this issue did not disappear, and still took a toll on mental health. Our findings suggested that providing appropriate assessment and help to the patients who recovered from COVID-19 is essential, even in the post-vaccination period.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

“… 16 , 17 Based on these considerations, a questionnaire developed by Dar et al was eligible. 18 This questionnaire was originally adapted from the Ebola-related stigma questionnaire. 19 It consists of 15 items on a 4-point Likert scale.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stigma Experienced by Patients Who Recovered from COVID-19 in Post-Vaccination Period in Thailand; Prevalence and Associated Factors

Techapoonpon,

Kerdchareon,

Polruamngern

et al. 2023

PRBM

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“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, people have experienced stigma related to COVID-19 illness in various spectra: social stigma ( 16 , 19 , 45 , 46 ) perceived stigma ( 15 , 18–20 , 29 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 47–50 ) and internalized stigma ( 15–20 ). The relationship between social and internalized stigma has been widely discussed ( 2 , 51–53 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internalized stigma related to COVID-19 and its psychosocial and mental health correlates: a multicentric health facility based observational study from Nepal

Shah,

Mahapatra,

Singh

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to physical and psychological complications and social consequences in the form of illness-related stigma. This study aimed (1) to assess the sociodemographic and clinical variable, as well as COVID-19 related knowledge and perception of persons admitted for COVID-19/Suspected COVID-19 in Nepal, (2) to determine their levels of COVID-19- related internalized stigma, depression, and anxiety symptoms, and (3) to evaluate the correlates of COVID-19- related internalized stigma.Materials and methodsIt was a cross-sectional exploratory study with a convenience sample of 395 participants (306 confirmed cases, 89 suspected cases) conducted between July–October 2020 in four health facilities in Madhesh and Lumbini provinces of Nepal. We used a semi-structured questionnaire to assess sociodemographic details, clinical information, COVID-19-related knowledge, perception, COVID-19-related internalized stigma, and the Hamilton Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) in Nepali language. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and linear regression analyses were performed. The level of statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.ResultsAround 23.3% of the patients had anxiety symptoms, 32.9% had depressive symptoms, and 20.3% had high COVID-19-related internalized stigma (mean ISMI score: 2.51–4.00). Linear regression analyses showed a significant positive association of COVID-19-related internalized stigma total score, with the following eight factors, i.e., no income in the past one month (p = 0.013), below average socioeconomic status (p = 0.004), anxiety symptoms (p = <0.001), depressive symptoms (p = <0.001), recent testing positive for COVID-19 (p = <0.001), involuntary admission (p = <0.001), prior experience of being in isolation and quarantine (p = 0.045), and those who blame others for COVID-19 (p = 0.025).ConclusionCOVID-19 survivors and suspects are vulnerable to symptoms of depression, anxiety, and COVID-19-related internalized stigma. For the first time from Nepal, our data suggests that COVID-19-related internalized stigma is associated with anxiety and depression symptoms, perceived below-average socioeconomic status, involuntary admission, prior experience of being in isolation and quarantine, recent COVID-19 positive report, self-blame, below-average socioeconomic status and no income in the past one month. Mitigating and preventing internalized stigma associated with a public health crisis such as COVID-19 is imperative by diagnosing and treating such mental health issues early and designing interventions and policies especially targeting vulnerable populations focusing on their economic background and socio-cultural beliefs.

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“…Fortunately, few reports addressed the social stigma prevalent among healthcare workers worldwide, including Saudi Arabia, but none discussed the coping strategies and preferences of support. [12][13][14] The shame and contempt levels caused by contagious diseases are determined by the level of awareness available about the disease and its treatment options currently available. 8 The uncertainty and unpredictable course surrounding COVID-19, the perceived risk of contracting the infection, the lack of FDA-approved treatments, the high fatality rate, especially among patients with chronic illnesses, and the novelty (with almost no or limited information about its origin and pathogenicity) of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This caused adverse psychological reactions, including maladaptive behavior, contributing to widespread fear of COVID-19 and avoidance behavior among individuals. 12 While the COVID-19 global emergency is officially over, 15 the COVID-19 pandemic and its stigmatization will likely continue for many years. 16 People were thus likely to be labeled, stereotyped, discriminated against, and treated differently because of an actual or perceived association with the contagious disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Linked Social Stigma Among Arab Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Experiences from the Active Phase of the Pandemic

Madkhali,

Ameri,

Al-Naamani

et al. 2024

JMDH

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This study aimed to explore the magnitude and variability of the disease-linked stigma among COVID-19 survivors and their experiences of social stigma, coping strategies, contextual challenges, and preferences for support. Methods: An Arabic version of the social stigma survey questionnaire was designed and validated to obtain socio-demographic characteristics and quantitative measures of stigma encountered by the survivors. 482 COVID-19 survivors completed the survey, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results:The results of this study revealed the prevalence of high levels of both perceived external stigma and enacted stigma among participants. Enacted and Internalized stigma were associated with survivors' educational background/ status. The participants suggested three levels of support: organizational, social, and personal. Establishing an online stigma reduction program and national psychological crisis interventions at the organizational level. It is crucial to assist coping mechanisms and societal reintegration techniques at the social level. Conclusion: These results provide valuable insights for holistic health policy formation and preparedness strategies for future pandemics, helping survivors promote health and reintegrate into society, where stigma reduction and psychological crisis interventions are underdeveloped.

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Correction: Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional exploratory study

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

Stigma Experienced by Patients Who Recovered from COVID-19 in Post-Vaccination Period in Thailand; Prevalence and Associated Factors

Stigma Experienced by Patients Who Recovered from COVID-19 in Post-Vaccination Period in Thailand; Prevalence and Associated Factors

Internalized stigma related to COVID-19 and its psychosocial and mental health correlates: a multicentric health facility based observational study from Nepal

COVID-19 Linked Social Stigma Among Arab Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Experiences from the Active Phase of the Pandemic

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