Correction to: Image-guided selection of Gd@C-dots as sensitizers to improve radiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer

Expanding CAR-T cell immunotherapy horizons through microfluidics

“…However, a major challenge in using spheroids as a tool for cytotoxicity assessment is the difficulty of separating unbound CAR-T cells and dead tumor cells from spheroids can result in additional staining steps and the possible loss of spheroids. To address this issue, a high-throughput HER2-T cell cytotoxicity assay was conducted on a 3D-hanging spheroid plate at a tilted angle, 228 demonstrating a simplified approach for differentiating and quantifying the activity of CAR-T cell killing in HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines.…”

“…Moreover, previous studies have shown that 3D spheroid culture systems better represent in vivo aspects of cancer cell signaling profiles. 227 In the context of CAR-T cell therapy, spheroids and organoids have been employed to assess CAR-T cell cytotoxicity, [228][229][230] investigate the role of hypoxia in CAR-T cell function, 231 and study CAR-T cell function in 3D tumor models. 232,233 Patient-derived organoid models have also been proposed to accurately evaluate patient-specific responses to CAR-T cells for personalized therapy.…”

“…Spheroid killing assay by CAR-T cells [228][229][230] Microfluidic tumor model simulating hypoxia for evaluating CAR-T cell therapy 241 Monitoring dynamic tumor cell-immune cell interaction 236 Comparison of tumor models in 2D and 3D spheroid culture 231 Tumor-on-a-chip for tumor cell extravasation, T cell migration, and cytotoxicity 247 3D hanging spheroid plate for CAR-T cell cytotoxicity assay 235 Microfluidic migration assay showing T cell recruitment 238 Patient-derived glioblastoma organoids for CAR-T cell testing 234 Tumor-on-a-chip to characterize the role of monocytes in TCR-T cell therapy 239 Multilayered blood vessel/tumor-on-a-chip to investigate T cell infiltration 240 Next-generation CAR construct/TCR screening and sorting Antigen-specific T cell functional screening 190,192,248,249 --Downstream droplet-compartmentalized sequencing [250][251][252] Droplet microfluidics for integrated functional screening and TCR sequencing for next-generation cancer immunotherapy target discovery [253][254][255][256][257] Allogeneic CAR development Droplet microfluidic platform for the single NK cell heterogeneity assay via killing assay with K562 (ref. 267) A microchip with microwells to study the lytic activity of individual NK cells against tumor target cells 268 Breast cancer cell spheroid in 3D ECM with flanking lumen with vein endothelial cell 281 Flow electroporation for transfection 265,266 Size-tunable droplet for study of NK cell heterogeneity against various tumor cells 193 3D NK cell cytotoxicity assay against HeLa cells 282 Label-free NK cell subpopulation identification via viscoelastic flow 269 Droplet microfluidic platforms to analyze the effector outcomes of NK cells against target cells at the single-cell level [276]…”

Antitumor Effects of a Distinct Sonodynamic Nanosystem through Enhanced Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death and Ferroptosis with Modulation of Tumor Microenvironment

“…Ferroptosis is a novel type of non-apoptotic regulated cell death characterized by the depletion of glutathione, accumulation of lipid peroxides (LPO), and further induction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, it has been proven that DAMPs could be elicited in cancer cells during ferroptosis to participate in the modulation of tumor immune microenvironment. − Although there are conflicting findings about the relationship between ferroptosis and antitumor immunity, which might be dependent on tumor types or classes of ferroptosis inducers, , multiple lines of evidence were shown that cancer cell death resulting from ferroptosis, especially early ferroptosis, could enhance antitumor immunity and efficacy of immunotherapy. , …”

“…Furthermore, it has been proven that DAMPs could be elicited in cancer cells during ferroptosis to participate in the modulation of tumor immune microenvironment. 18−21 Although there are conflicting findings about the relationship between ferroptosis and antitumor immunity, which might be dependent on tumor types or classes of ferroptosis inducers, 22,23 multiple lines of evidence were shown that cancer cell death resulting from ferroptosis, especially early ferroptosis, could enhance antitumor immunity and efficacy of immunotherapy. 24,25 Ultrasound (US)-mediated cancer therapy is a localized therapeutic modality for tumor treatment with good penetration of tissue and the ability to effective ICD induction to further activate tumor-specific immune responses.…”