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Weidlich, Georg A.; Schneider, M. Bret; Adler, John R.

doi:10.7759/cureus.c21

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The combination of lower beam energy (3 MV), more solid angle gyroscopic crossfire, robust variable 15-cm thick (tungsten) cylindrical collimation, and shorter source-to-axis-distance enable a radiosurgery platform with exceptional penumbra. 3 Meanwhile, the Zap-X’s image-to-image x-ray correlation technology ensures spatially accurate SRS delivery. In aggregate, these technical attributes enable the precision delivery of ionizing radiation combined with a surrounding steep dose gradient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Zap-X Radiosurgical System in the Treatment of Intracranial Tumors: A Technical Case Report

Pan

Bai

et al. 2021

Neurosurg.

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BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE The Zap-X system (Zap Surgical Systems Inc, San Carlos, California) is a radically new surgical robot designed for brain and head and neck radiosurgery. It represents the first new dedicated brain stereotactic radiosurgery platform in almost half a century optimizing the goals of safety, speed, and accuracy. The Zap-X system was used in a required Chinese National Medical Products Administration clinical study. In early January 2020, 2 patients were treated with the Zap-X robot prior to a national COVID-19 lockdown. Both were closely followed via clinical exam and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging. Prospectively collected data were used to generate this report. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Two female patients, each harboring either a trigeminal schwannoma or petroclival meningioma, were treated with the Zap-X robot. Respective tumor volumes were 2.60 and 4.02 cm3. A radiation dose of 13 Gy was prescribed to the 50% isodose line. At 8 mo of follow-up, preoperative symptoms were either resolved or stable and MRI imaging demonstrated a 31% and 56% reduction in lesion volume, respectively. In both patients, symptoms improved, and tumor volumes decreased, whereas no major complication was observed. CONCLUSION Given only 2 patients and short-term follow-up, any conclusions about the safety and efficacy of the Zap-X radiosurgery robot are preliminary. However, in the absence of any other published outcomes to date, this small case series may be of interest to many radiosurgical specialists.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Zap-X Radiosurgical System in the Treatment of Intracranial Tumors: A Technical Case Report

Pan

Bai

et al. 2021

Neurosurg.

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“…As previously described [6], the collimator of the Zap-X system is designed with extremely low leakage values, exceeding the IEC 60601-2-1, v. 2014, standards [4]. The leakage radiation was evaluated via measurement at several discrete locations.…”

Section: Technical Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the patient plane, a maximum leakage was measured at station #8 with a value of 10.4 mR. As 1,000 monitor units (MU) were delivered during this measurement, a 1,000 Roentgen (R) exposure occurred on the central axis, and therefore, 10.4 mR corresponds to 0.00104% of the primary beam intensity. A graph indicating the locations is shown in Figure 11a [6]. Along the linear accelerator, a maximum leakage was measured at station #3 with a value of 6.8 mR. As 1,000 MU were delivered during this measurement, a 1,000 R exposure occurred on the central axis, and therefore, 6.8 mR corresponds to 0.00068% of the primary beam intensity.…”

Section: Technical Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of a Novel 3 Megavolt Linear Accelerator for Dedicated Intracranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Weidlich¹,

Bodduluri²,

Achkire³

et al. 2019

Cureus

Self Cite

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The purpose of this article is to investigate and characterize from a physics perspective the Zap-X (ZAP Surgical Systems, Inc., San Carlos, CA), a new, dedicated self-contained and self-shielded radiosurgery system, focusing on beam energy and performance, leakage, radiation safety, dose delivery accuracy, regulations, quality assurance, and treatment planning. This investigation is required to establish the mechanical and overall performance specifications of the system and to establish baseline parameters for future clinical usage. The applied methods include measurements of energy, focal spot size, beam performance, dosimetry, beam data, treatment planning system, leakage radiation, acceptance testing, and commissioning. The results of the characterization reveal a 3 megavolt (MV) linear accelerator (linac) with a focal spot size of 2 mm, a dose rate of 1,500 MU/min at the isocenter with a dose linearity of 3%, a beam penumbra of less than 3 mm, and beam symmetry of less than 2%. Beam performance, as well as dosimetry characteristics, are suitable for intracranial radiosurgery. It can be concluded that the system was found to meet safety, accuracy, and performance requirements widely accepted in the radiation oncology and radiosurgery industry. Furthermore, the system was shown to meet the practical, clinical needs of the radiosurgery community.

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“…Abbaspour et al [7] carried out performance evaluation of a parallel hole collimator of the HiReSPECT imaging system in terms of image quality, resolution and sensitivity by utilizing Monte Carlo simulations. Weidlich et al [8] characterized a novel collimator design in terms of its radiation leakage. At the end of their study it was concluded that, mentioned system fulfils international standards by minimizing the need of structural shielding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of the function generation synthesis into the design of a multi-leaf collimator

Gezgin

Yazici

2020

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

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Throughout recent history, medical robots have gained a lot of popularity in robotic assisted radiotherapy. Integration of robot manipulators into the field of radiotherapy has improved the chances of patient recovery by increasing system precision, operation reliability and treatment efficiency. In order to prevent healthy tissues from radiation exposures during treatments, linear accelerators of radiotherapy robots have been enhanced by the implementation of active collimator designs. Addition of collimator mechanisms to these systems has also increased possibilities of treatments by allowing adjustable beam geometries on the targets. However, as the collimator leaves are additional obstacles on the path of the beam, beam scattering has become one of the most crucial issues waiting to be improved for these systems. In order to propose a solution for this problem, current paper tries to implement function generation synthesis into a multi-leaf active collimator design, where the individual collimator blocks are stacked vertically. This study demonstrates the proposed approach by utilizing two single degree of freedom planar systems positioned side by side for a point beam source. Throughout the study, kinematic synthesis approach was introduced to design these planar systems to adjust beam contour geometries on a single axis. At the end of the study, proposed procedure was verified by a numerical example and the results were used to design four degrees of freedom collimator that is able to adjust beam contour geometries on the plane. The prototype of the system was also modelled in order to ensure the realization of the collimator design for contour adjustments.

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Correction

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

The Zap-X Radiosurgical System in the Treatment of Intracranial Tumors: A Technical Case Report

The Zap-X Radiosurgical System in the Treatment of Intracranial Tumors: A Technical Case Report

Characterization of a Novel 3 Megavolt Linear Accelerator for Dedicated Intracranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Integration of the function generation synthesis into the design of a multi-leaf collimator

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