North American grassland birds experienced steeper, more consistent, and widespread declines than other avian guilds in the past quarter century. Despite the surge of research into their ecology and conservation, there remains considerable uncertainty about the proximate and ultimate causes of declines and a need to clearly communicate its structural complexity among policy makers, resources managers, and stakeholders. We organized evidence from published literature about factors affecting population dynamics of bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), augmented by local stakeholder knowledge, in directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) depicting hypothesized cause-effect relationships. Our contrast between states of knowledge as depicted in the literature and among stakeholders revealed several factors and relationships not in evidence in the other. For example, stakeholders identified 3 secondary factors alleged to affect bobolink habitat quantity on breeding grounds not identified in the literature: tree planting incentives, green energy incentives, and crop values. These and other structural uncertainties in the management systems are made transparent using DAGs, facilitating communication and co-learning among knowledge holders. Accounting for structural complexity and making it transparent at the outset of the planning and decision-making process may reduce the probability of unanticipated outcomes as a result of poor management choices. Ó 2017 The Wildlife Society.