“…Common methods for calculating fractal dimension include the box counting method [ 19 ], correlation dimension method [ 20 ], Hurst index method [ 21 ], slit island method [ 22 ], yard stick method [ 23 ], area-perimeter method [ 24 ], Sierpiński carpet method [ 25 ], semi-variance method [ 26 ], and power spectral density [ 27 ] (PSD) method. The main methods to obtain object image are scanning electron microscope [ 28 ] (SEM), transmission electron microscope [ 29 ] (TEM), atomic force microscope [ 30 ] (AFM), and other imaging techniques. When the object is an image, after gray processing, binary processing is carried out [ 31 ].…”