esides their intended effects, medicines often have unwanted side effects, including the development of prescription drug misuse, potentially leading to dependence. In Germany, an estimated 1.4 to 2.6 million people are dependent on prescription drugs (1-3), primarily sleeping drugs and tranquilizers (benzodiazepines [BZD] or Z-drugs [ZD]) or opioid analgesics (OA). According to a study by Buth et al. (4), 5.1% of the German population were taking BZD (including tetrazepam) and a further 1.1% one of the socalled Z-drugs in 2010. These rates were significantly higher among female patients and especially the elderly. Based on a 3-year period (2006 to 2008), 16.7% of patients who were prescribed BZD and/or ZD were found to show a problematic pattern of use (5). The majority were elderly patients taking the drugs in low doses over very long periods of time. This so-called low-dose dependence can have significant adverse effects on the health of these patients; for instance, it often leads to fractures (6, 7), pneumonia (8), or dementia (9). OA are indispensable for the treatment of severe pain and in palliative care. However, there is a risk of patients developing opioid dependence (10). In the United States and Canada, physicians have prescribed OA in large quantities over prolonged periods of time for less severe or temporary pain. Many patients developed OA dependence and later switched to more potent analgesics or to heroin (11). Similarly, the amounts of OA prescribed in Germany increased by 21% between 2007 and 2016 (12). According to a study by Schubert et al. (13), 4.5% of all patients covered by statutory health insurance (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung, GKV) received an OA (excluding codeine-containing preparations) in 2010. Ten years earlier, the prevalence had been only 3.3% (13). Even though, apart from cancer care, there are few indications for the longterm prescription of OA (14, 15), prolonged treatment with these drugs is common (13, 16). The aim of this paper is to describe trends in the prescription of BZD, ZD, and OA among the GKVinsured population during the years 2006 to 2016-by sex and age-and to investigate how frequently whole-year prescriptions for these medications were issued.