Correlates of Empathy and Cognitive Style in Early Adolescence

Wise, Pamela Sharratt; Cramer, Stanley H.

doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.179

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Participants appear to respond to at least some of the PD items with other-oriented feelings of concern and sympathy, rather than, as described by Davis (1983b), with self-oriented feelings of anxiety and discomfort. This phenomenon is in line with the findings of both Litvack-Miller et al (1997) and Wise and Cramer (1988), and appears to be true even for the males' responses in Davis' study (1983b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These results indicate that the participants appear to respond to at least some of the PD items with other-oriented feelings, like Davis' EC aspect, rather than with self-oriented feelings of anxiety and discomfort, as expected by Davis. This conclusion is also in line with the findings by both Litvack-Miller, McDougall and Romney (1997) and Wise and Cramer (1988) of significantly positive relations between EC and PD (EC-PD, r = 0.29 and 0.21, respectively). The relations between the residual variables corresponding to the components of empathy in the two sets of measures (Pt&-PT& = 0.49, Pd&-PD& = 0.40, and Fs&-FS& = 0.31) are due to the correlations between the specific variances in the latent variables and the specific variances in the manifest variables.…”

Section: The Structure Of Empathysupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Considering that the general dimension is identical to the EC aspect, correlation coefficients between EC and HES, and EC and QMEE might provide information about the extent to which these empathy measures reflect the general empathic dimension. The estimated correlations reported from previous studies regarding EC and HES (Davis, 1983b;Johnson et al, 1983;Riggio et al, 1989;Wise & Cramer, 1988) range from 0.18 to 0.27, while the corresponding estimates for EC and QMEE (Davis, 1983b;Riggio et al, 1989) are 0.60 and 0.56, respectively. These relationships can thus be considered as being due to the general empathic dimension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In several studies (e.g., Cliffordson, 2001Cliffordson, , 2002Davis, 1983b;Johnson, Cheek & Smither, 1983;Riggio, Tucker & Coffaro, 1989;Wise & Cramer, 1988) intercorrelations of the IRI subscales, and/or relationships between the IRI subscales and the QMEE and HES scales have been investigated. The results from these studies show a similar pattern of relationships, with significantly positive correlations both between the IRI subscales themselves, and between the IRI subscales and the extant empathy measures, with the exception of the relations between PD and PT, and between PD and the HES.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The hierarchical structure of empathy: Dimensional organization and relations to social functioning

Cliffordson

2002

Scandinavian J Psychology

149

140

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the structure of empathy using a hierarchical approach, and to compare the dimensions of empathy with measures of social functioning, in order to contribute to the understanding of the nature of empathy. The dimensionality of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, which comprises four subscales (empathic concern, perspective taking, fantasy and personal distress) was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Relations with the Social Skills Inventory were also investigated. A sample of 127 applicants for places on nursing and social work undergraduate programs participated in the study. The study findings indicate that empathy is hierarchically organized, with one general dimension at the apex. The general factor is identical to empathic concern and this dimension overlaps to a great extent with perspective taking and fantasy. The findings also indicate that the general dimension constitutes an integrated entirety, with its main emphasis on emotional reactivity by also involving cognitive processes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: The Structure Of Empathysupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The hierarchical structure of empathy: Dimensional organization and relations to social functioning

Cliffordson

2002

Scandinavian J Psychology

149

140

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“…The IRI has four scales: (a) Perspective Taking, (b) Empathic Concern, (c) Fantasy, and (d) Personal Distress. The IRI has acceptable internal reliability (Huss & Ralston, 2008;Wise & Cramer, 1988), testretest reliability, and convergent validity with measures of social functioning, self-esteem, emotionality, and sensitivity to others (Davis, 1980(Davis, , 1983Larson, Fair, Good, & Baldwin, 2010;Siu & Shek, 2005). The Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern scales are intended to reflect advanced forms of empathy, whereas the Personal Distress and Fantasy scales "represent lower and intermediate levels of empathy, respectively" (Greason & Cashwell,p.…”

Section: Empathy Studies That Used the Iri To Make Known-group Comparmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of Known-Groups Validity for the Empathy Assessment Index (EAI): Differences in EAI Scores Between Social Service Providers and Service Recipients

Gerdes

Geiger

Lietz

et al. 2012

Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research

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This article reports the findings of a known-groups validity study of the Empathy Assessment Index (EAI), which is a 20-item self-report instrument based on an emerging social cognitive neuroscience definition of empathy. A convenience sample formed 2 groups of study participants: social service providers (n = 197), and a group (n =453) of offender service recipients from community treatment agencies, receiving services for (a) sexual offenses (n = 251), (b) anger management or misdemeanor domestic violence (n = 155), and (c), domestic violence (n = 47). The literature suggests providers and offenders should have significantly different levels of empathy. To test this hypothesis, we compare the group scores on the overall EAI and 4 component scores (affective response, perspective taking, self-other awareness, emotion regulation). Differential item functioning analysis is used to determine whether the EAI items measure the same construct within each group, and highlights 5 items. Results include findings from a multilevel regression analysis, using the 20-and 15-item versions of the EAI. For both versions, controlling for gender, age, education, income, class, and race variables, we find treatment groups have lower average empathy scores than service providers; this difference is statistically significant for 2 of the 3 treatment groups. The emotion regulation and self-other awareness EAI components demonstrate known-groups validity in 1 of the 3 treatment groups. Researchers can likely increase both known-groups and content validity of the EAI by using perceptionaction items of greater specificity in the affective response component and by adding an affective mentalizing component.

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