Correlates of HIV Risk in a Random Sample of Street Youths in San Francisco

Moon, Martha W.; Binson, Diane; Page, Kimberly; Díaz, Rafael M.

doi:10.1016/s1055-3290(06)60182-9

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Variables found to be independently associated with a history of illicit drug use included lack of familial contact and increased time on the street. Others have reported associations between lack of familial relationship and high risk behavior in studies of at risk youth in other locations (Clements et al, 1997;Forster et al, 1996;Moon et al, 2001;Morakinyo and Odejide, 2003) and suggested that healthcare providers might identify higher risk youth and children by asking simple questions regarding family support. Those who cannot go back to family should have more targeted intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children and youth in street circumstances in Bombay reported in focus group discussions the use of drugs as a mechanism to cope with their daily stresses (Kombarakaran, 2004). The high level of drug use reported by Brazilian youth is comparable to that seen in homeless street youth in San Francisco, where between 80 and 99% of homeless street youth report any lifetime history of illicit drug use (Bousman et al, 2005;Gleghorn, Marx, Vittinghoff, and Katz, 1998;Moon, Binson, Page-Shafer, and Diaz 2001) and up to two-thirds report 'recent' use. Street youth in the U.S. are very different however; not only are they older, but lifetime history of IDU is considerably higher (ranging from 32 to 60%) (Clements, Gleghorn, Garcia, Katz, andMarx, 1997, Moon et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Many report the use of drugs in order to give them courage to approach potential sexual partners and to avoid pain during anal intercourse with adult men (Raffaelli et al, 1993). In the U.S., drug use in street youth has been associated with unprotected sex (Bailey, Camlin, and Ennett, 1998) and having sex while drunk (Moon et al, 2001). In other countries, such as in southern Africa and Eastern Europe, street youth report engaging survival sex, that is, sexual intercourse in exchange for money for living expenses or drug purchases, or for drugs themselves (Goodwin, Kozlova, Nizharadze, and Polykova, 2004;Swart-Kruger and Richter, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual and Drug Use Risk Behaviors among Children and Youth in Street Circumstances in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Carvalho

Neiva-Silva

Ramos³

et al. 2006

AIDS Behav

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We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess sexual and drug use risk in 161 children and youth in street circumstances in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Median age was 14 and 79% were male. Overall, 59% reported ever having had sex; a significantly higher proportion of males (66%) compared to females (30%). Overall, 39% reported illicit drug use in the last year, and only 1.2% reported injection drug use. In multivariate analyses, correlates of unsafe sex included younger age of sexual debut, and having a steady sex partner. Independent correlates of illicit drug use included lack of family contact, increased hours in the street daily, having had an HIV test, and older age. A high proportion of children and youth in street circumstances reported high risk sex and drug exposures, confirming their vulnerability to HIV/STD. Services Centers, such as where this research was carried out, offer an opportunity for interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual and Drug Use Risk Behaviors among Children and Youth in Street Circumstances in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Carvalho

Neiva-Silva

Ramos³

et al. 2006

AIDS Behav

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“…(Table 1). Overall, median age of participants was 22 years [interquartile range (IQR) 20,25], the majority reported injecting daily (64.5%), was male (69.7%) and most (83.5%) reported not being housed the previous night. The median number of reported years of injecting was four (IQR, 2, 7).…”

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in methamphetamine use in young injection drug users in San Francisco from 1998 to 2004: the UFO Study

Inglez-Dias

Hahn

Lum

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Review

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Aims-To describe temporal trends in methamphetamine use among young injection drug users (IDU) in San Francisco.Design and Methods-Secondary analysis of cross-sectional baseline data collected for a longitudinal study of young IDU from 1998 to 2004. Participants were 1445 young IDU (< 30 years old) who reported injection in the previous month, English-speaking, and recruited by street outreach methods. We examined trends for: lifetime (ever) and recent (30-day) methamphetamine use, including injected and non-injected, and by age group and sexual risk behaviour [men who have sex with men injecting drug users (MSM-IDU), male IDU (non-MSM) and female IDU]. 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2004 we interviewed 237, 276, 431, 310, 147 and 44 participants, respectively. Overall, median age was 22 years [interquartile range (IQR) 20 -25], 30.3% were women and median duration of injecting was 4.4 years (IQR 2 -7). Prevalence of methamphetamine use was high, with 50.1% reporting recent injection, but overall there were no temporal increases in reported 'ever' injected use. Recent methamphetamine injection (past 30 days) increased significantly, and peaked at 60% in 2003. MSM-IDU had higher methamphetamine injection ever (92.3%) and recently (59.5%) compared to heterosexual male (non-MSM) IDU (81.6% and 47.3%, respectively) and to female IDU (78.4% and 46.1%, respectively). Results-InConclusions-Despite reports of ubiquitous increases in methamphetamine use, there were no significant increases in 6 years in ever injecting methamphetamine overall among young IDU. MSM-IDU who reported the highest methamphetamine use overall reported some increases in recent injected use. The methamphetamine 'epidemic' was probably under way among young IDU earlier than other populations.

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“…The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is three to nine times higher among persons who are homeless or unstably housed compared with persons with stable and adequate housing, depending upon the population and geographic area studied (Allen et al, 1994;Culhane et al, 2001;Estebanez et al, 2000;Fournier et al, 1996;Paris et al, 1996;Shlay et al, 1996;Torres et al, 1990;Zolopa et al, 1994). For example, disproportionately high rates of HIV risk behaviors and infection are found especially among homeless youth (Bailey et al, 1998;Clatts et al, 1998;Clements et al, 1997;Kral et al, 1997;Moon et al, 2001;Pfeifer and Oliver, 1997;Walters, 1999) and homeless persons who abuse drugs or are mentally ill (Andia et al, 2001;Kilbourne et al, 2002;Klinkenberg et al, 2003;Latkin, 1998;Nyamathi et al, 1997;Smereck and Hockman, 1998;Sohler et al, 2000;Somlai et al, 1998;Susser et al, 1993;Zanis et al, 1997). Other studies have shown that among persons at the highest risk for HIV due to injecting drug use or high risk sex, those without a stable home are significantly more likely than others to become infected over time (Joseph and Roman-Nay, 1990;Popkin et al, 1993;Smereck and Hockman, 1998;Song et al, 2000;Susser et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing Status and HIV Risk Behaviors: Implications for Prevention and Policy

et al. 2005

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This paper examines housing as a contextual factor affecting drug and sexual risk behaviors among HIV positive people using pooled interview data from 2149 clients presenting for services at 16 medical and social service agencies participating in a multi-site evaluation study. The odds of recent drug use, needle use or sex exchange at the baseline interview was 2-4 times as high among the homeless and unstably housed compared to persons with stable housing. Follow-up data collected 6-9 months after baseline showed that change in housing status was associated with change in risk behaviors. Persons whose housing status improved between baseline and follow-up significantly reduced their risks of drug use, needle use, needle sharing and unprotected sex by half in comparison to individuals whose housing status did not change. In addition, for clients whose housing status worsened between baseline and follow-up, their odds of recently exchanging sex was over five times higher than for clients whose housing status did not change. The provision of housing is a promising structural intervention to reduce the spread of HIV.

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Correlates of HIV Risk in a Random Sample of Street Youths in San Francisco

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Sexual and Drug Use Risk Behaviors among Children and Youth in Street Circumstances in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Sexual and Drug Use Risk Behaviors among Children and Youth in Street Circumstances in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Trends in methamphetamine use in young injection drug users in San Francisco from 1998 to 2004: the UFO Study

Housing Status and HIV Risk Behaviors: Implications for Prevention and Policy

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