Correlation and correction factor between direct and indirect methods for the ultrasonic measurement of stone samples

Lee, Chan Hee; Jo, Young Hoon

doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6810-7

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…To establish the measurement conditions for the stone pagoda, which had severe surface irregularities, the intensity of the received waveform according to the ultrasonic frequency and transducer distance was analyzed in advance to calibrate the system. For the transducer, an exponential type with a frequency of 54 kHz was selected because it is not signi cantly affected by irregularities and porous materials, and a probe correction factor of 1.08 as suggested by Lee & Jo (2017) was applied. Rubber clay without residue was used as the coupling medium.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weathering Features of A Five-Story Stone Pagoda Compared To Its Quarrying Site In Geumgolsan Mountain, Korea

Lee

2021

Preprint

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Understanding the long- and short-term weathering features according to rock type is very important for maintaining the original form of stone heritages. In this study, the material characteristics of a deteriorated five-story stone pagoda were compared with those of fresh rocks from its quarrying site at nearby Geumgolsan Mountain, Korea to diagnose the degree of damage and develop a comprehensive interpretation of the weathering mechanism. The stone pagoda was built from lithic tuff comprising pumice and phenocrysts such as quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, and mica based on plagioclase substrates; the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics are similar to those of the fresh rocks. The lithic tuff of the stone pagoda demonstrated a low ultrasonic velocity of 2863 m/s and a high water absorption rate and porosity of 9.5% and 19.2%, respectively, which are poorer than the physical properties of the fresh rocks (i.e., ultrasonic velocity of 3336 m/s, water absorption rate of 8.65%, and porosity of 17.83%). The lithological characteristics and physical properties demonstrated a considerable influence on the weathering and stability of the stone pagoda. In particular, fragments of relatively weak pumice detached from the original rock to form cavities of various sizes. These cavities introduced moisture within the rock, which produced oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese. In addition, contaminants such as dust, salt crystals, clay minerals, and microorganisms adhering to the surface of the stone pagoda accelerated its physical, chemical, and biological weathering. The results of this study will be important for realizing the stable and long-term conservation of the five-story stone pagoda at Geumgolsan Mountain.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weathering Features of A Five-Story Stone Pagoda Compared To Its Quarrying Site In Geumgolsan Mountain, Korea

Lee

2021

Preprint

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“…For the correction coefficient, 1.50 was applied, which was used by Park et al (2012) when they measured the ultrasonic velocity on the multi-storied round-shaped stone pagoda of the Unjusa Temple, Hwasun, Republic of Korea. In addition, an elastomer cover was used to increase the transmittance efficiency of ultrasonic waves (Kahraman, 2002;Lee et al, 2009;Jo and Lee, 2015;Lee and Jo, 2017). showing a similar range as the west side.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Ultrasonic Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Nondestructive Diagnosis and Material Characteristics of Stone Lantern at Damyang Gaeseonsaji Temple Site in Korea

Lee¹,

Naruto²

2019

J. Conserv. Sci

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The stone lantern of the Damyang Gaeseonsaji temple site is a cultural heritage built during the Unified Silla period (AD 868). The reason for its value as a cultural property is due to wittern the background and the period created on inscription of the lamp stone engraved by letters. The stone lantern consists of two types of lithic tuffs for the 23 original properties, the replaced stones in 1991, and the biotite granite for its ground stones replaced in 2005. The lithic tuffs selected as the replacement parts in 1991 and 2017 have been examined and got to properties of hardly exposure moisture as well as very similar geochemical characteristics. There were various types of physical deterioration of the stone properties and structural cracks; in particular, on the northern side of the stylobates. Chemical and biological deterioration can be identified as black, white, and brown discolorations as well as by the presence of lichens, bryophytes, and herbaceous plants. In the evaluation of the physical properties of the stone lantern, the mean and maximum ultrasonic velocities were found to be similar in each direction. However, the lowest velocity on the east and south sides were found to be lower than those of other stone properties. It was found that physical damage to the stylobates resulted from water expansion in a freeze-to-thaw phenomena related to water content. Therefore, dismantling repair was carried out in the protection facility to restrict further water supply to the stone as much as possible.

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“…However, ultrasonic measurements are influenced by various factors such as the petrological characteristics and shape of the stone heritage, the external environment, the measurement conditions, and the level of experience of the user. Thus, researchers have attempted to improve the reliability of these measurements by conducting experiments related to the moisture content [18][19][20][21] and anisotropy [22][23][24] of the rocks, the surface roughness [25], the direct and indirect correlation of ultrasonic waves [26][27][28][29], and the effects of the probe [30], couplant [25], and measuring operator [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic Properties of a Stone Architectural Heritage and Weathering Evaluations Based on Provenance Site

Lee

2022

Applied Sciences

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In this study, we performed customized ultrasonic measurements of the stone block foundation of the Sungnyemun Gate, which is representative of the stone architectural heritage in the Republic of Korea. Furthermore, the weathering evaluation standards, which are extensively used in stone heritage, were improved considering the type of rock and its provenance site. In particular, the absolute weathering grade used the ultrasonic velocity (P-wave) of a universal hard rock, whereas the relative weathering grade used the differences between the ultrasonic velocities of the materials in the stone block foundation of the Sungnyemun Gate (weathered stone) and the fresh rocks in the provenance. Among these, the absolute weathering grade was observed to be constant regardless of the type of rock; however, the relative weathering grade varied depending on the type dof rock. Because the average ultrasonic velocity of the original blocks of the stone block foundation of the Sungnyemun Gate was 2665 m/s, it was estimated that their ultrasonic velocity reduced by approximately 2.1 m/s per year as compared to that observed in case of fresh rocks (average 3932 m/s) in the provenance site. Furthermore, the weathering evaluation exhibited that there were approximately two stages of difference between the original blocks and the new blocks. As compared to the relative weathering grade, the absolute weathering grade was observed to underestimate the overall ultrasonic velocity of the stone block foundation of the Sungnyemun Gate. This study presents a customized method for performing ultrasonic measurements and for evaluating weathering. It is assumed that the results of this study will be extensively used in diagnosing and monitoring the stone architectural heritage.

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Correlation and correction factor between direct and indirect methods for the ultrasonic measurement of stone samples

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Weathering Features of A Five-Story Stone Pagoda Compared To Its Quarrying Site In Geumgolsan Mountain, Korea

Weathering Features of A Five-Story Stone Pagoda Compared To Its Quarrying Site In Geumgolsan Mountain, Korea

Evaluation of Nondestructive Diagnosis and Material Characteristics of Stone Lantern at Damyang Gaeseonsaji Temple Site in Korea

Ultrasonic Properties of a Stone Architectural Heritage and Weathering Evaluations Based on Provenance Site

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