Correlation between arc mode, microstructure, and mechanical properties during wire arc additive manufacturing of 316L stainless steel

Wang, Leilei; Xue, Jiaxiang; Wang, Qiang

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2019.02.078

Cited by 279 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The average errors of the other peak temperatures, between the simulation and experiments, under the two IPT conditions were approximately 8.33% and 8.16%, respectively. Using the temperature profiles, the measured and simulated SDAS were compared to confirm the thermal evolution of the deposits because SDAS is an important index to evaluate the deposits in the WAMM [10,22,23]. The SDAS of each layer of the deposit shown in Figure 7 was measured.…”

Section: Experimental Validation Using the Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

CMT-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using 316L Stainless Steel: Effect of Heat Accumulation on the Multi-Layer Deposits

Lee

2020

Metals

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CMT welding sources are garnering attention as alternative heat sources for wire arc additive manufacturing because of their low-heat input. A comprehensive experimental and numerical study on the multi-layer deposition of STS316L was performed to investigate effect of heat accumulation during the deposition. The numerical model which is appropriate for WAMM was developed considering the characteristics of the CMT heat source for the first time. Using a high-speed camera, the transient behavior of the CMT arc was investigated, and applied to the heat source of the numerical model. The model was then used to analyze 10-layered deposits of STS316L, fabricated using CMT-based WAAM. During deposition, the temperature is measured using a pyrometer to analyze the microstructure, after which the cooling rate of each layer is estimated. The measured and simulated SDAS were compared. Based on the comparison, a guideline for the equation regarding the SDAS size and cooling rate was suggested.

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Section: Experimental Validation Using the Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

CMT-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using 316L Stainless Steel: Effect of Heat Accumulation on the Multi-Layer Deposits

Lee

2020

Metals

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“…Titanium alloys are very popular material for AM and very well understood along with austenitic stainless steels such as AISI 304 and 316 [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. There are a very few studies available for duplex stainless steel (22Cr5Ni) consisting of approximately 50% ferrite and 50% austenite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing with Superduplex Stainless Steel Wire by CMT Process

Lervåg

Sørensen

Robertstad

et al. 2020

Metals

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For many years, the oil and gas industry has utilized superduplex stainless steels due to their high strength and excellent corrosion resistance. Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was used with superduplex filler wire to create walls with different heat input. Due to the multiple heating and cooling cycles during layer deposition, brittle secondary phases may form such as intermetallic sigma (σ) phase. By inspecting deposited walls within wide range of heat inputs (0.40–0.87 kJ/mm), no intermetallic phases formed due to low inter-pass temperatures used, together with the high Ni content in the applied wire. Lower mechanical properties were observed with high heat inputs due to low ferrite volume fraction, precipitation of Cr nitrides and formation of secondary austenite. The walls showed good toughness values based on both Charpy V-notch and CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) testing.

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“…Moreover, appropriate process parameters can help to achieve a high-quality WAAM structure. Heat input, cooling rate and reheating effect can impact the morphology, microstructure, and mechanical properties in WAAM components [86,90]. Caballero et al found that the cooling rate during deposition has an essential influence on retained austenite formation.…”

Section: Addilanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Equation (1), SpeedArc WAAM could produce smaller secondary dendrite arm spacing in 316L stainless steel components than SpeedPulse WAAM because of the higher cooling rate [90]. (SpeedArc: the primary metal transfer mode is the short-circuited transfer mode.…”

Section: Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

et al. 2020

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been considered as a promising technology for the production of large metallic structures with high deposition rates and low cost. Stainless steels are widely applied due to good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current status of stainless steel WAAM, covering the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defects related to different stainless steels and process parameters. Residual stress and distortion of the WAAM manufactured components are discussed. Specific WAAM techniques, material compositions, process parameters, shielding gas composition, post heat treatments, microstructure, and defects can significantly influence the mechanical properties of WAAM stainless steels. To achieve high quality WAAM stainless steel parts, there is still a strong need to further study the underlying physical metallurgy mechanisms of the WAAM process and post heat treatments to optimize the WAAM and heat treatment parameters and thus control the microstructure. WAAM samples often show considerable anisotropy both in microstructure and mechanical properties. The new in-situ rolling + WAAM process is very effective in reducing the anisotropy, which also can reduce the residual stress and distortion. For future industrial applications, fatigue properties, and corrosion behaviors of WAAMed stainless steels need to be deeply studied in the future. Additionally, further efforts should be made to improve the WAAM process to achieve faster deposition rates and better-quality control.

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Correlation between arc mode, microstructure, and mechanical properties during wire arc additive manufacturing of 316L stainless steel

Cited by 279 publications

References 42 publications

CMT-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using 316L Stainless Steel: Effect of Heat Accumulation on the Multi-Layer Deposits

CMT-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using 316L Stainless Steel: Effect of Heat Accumulation on the Multi-Layer Deposits

Additive Manufacturing with Superduplex Stainless Steel Wire by CMT Process

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

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