Correlation Between Blood Lead Level and Hemoglobin Level in Mitrovica Children

Kutllovci-Zogaj, Drita; Krasniqi, Shaip; Elezaj, Isa R.; Ramadani, Naser; Gjergji, Tahire; Zogaj, Dukagjin; Kutllovci, A; Jaka, Arbëresha; Ukëhaxhaj, Antigona; Gashi, Sanije; Bince, Ergyl

doi:10.5455/medarh.2014.68.324-328

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Blood lead concentrations, average levels 23.6 AE 15.9 μg/dL À , in the children in our study were 3 to 12 times higher than the current average (1.9 μg/dL) of children (ages 1-5 years) in the United States. 23 In contrary, various scientific research, 13,[24][25][26] that calculated BLL in children in developing countries, also had similar results to ours.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Blood Lead Level of Children and its Trend in Mitrovica, Kosova

Shabani

Murtezani

Tahirbegolli³

et al. 2019

JCS

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Environmental exposure to lead is considered to be one of the most important hazards to the health of children. Most commonly exposed are those who are poor and live in developing countries. The environmental lead pollution problem in the Roma Mahala neighborhood of Mitrovica was discovered through the appearance of high blood lead levels (BLLs) in children living there. The aim of our study was to investigate the BLLs in children according to gender, age, and area of residence. This study describes the results from a 7-year retrospective study (January 2010–April 2017) based on BLLs conducted on children aged 0 to 13 years living in all three districts of Mitrovica. The survey included 331 children. Blood lead analysis was performed in the laboratory using capillary and venipuncture samples tested by anodic stripping voltammetry using LeadCare II machines. Mean BLLs were the highest in the Roma Mahala with 23.6 mg/dL (standard deviation ± 15.9 µg/dL). We obtained a statistical significance (p < 0.0001) between BLLs according to the settlements. The mean BLLs was higher in the 3 to 4 years aged children group in comparison with other age groups (p = 0.009). In none of the age groups with the Mann–Whitney test we obtained a significant gender difference on BLL (p > 0.05). Lead poisoning levels continue to be a serious problem among children living in Mitrovica over the past several years due to heavy lead pollution. All children from this region should receive environmental evaluations and medical examinations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Blood Lead Level of Children and its Trend in Mitrovica, Kosova

Shabani

Murtezani

Tahirbegolli³

et al. 2019

JCS

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“…Whether lead can inhibit Hb synthesis is closely related to the child's lead load level. Research by Chen and Kutllovci-Zogaj showed that blood lead could interfere with Hb synthesis [8,9]. The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has recommended that BLL can be used for the assessment of the lead load in the body and the degree of lead poisoning.…”

Section: Comparison Of In Uencing Factors Of Anaemia Among Children Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blood lead and blood cadmium may interact with Hb [8]. Kutllovci-Zogaj et al used Spearman correlation analysis to analyse the relationship between BLL and Hb level in children in Mitrovica and found that there was a moderate correlation between BLL and Hb level [9]. However, previous studies did not exclude the in uence of common nutritional and genetic factors in the impact of lead exposure on Hb.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of lead exposure from electronic waste on haemoglobin synthesis in children

Wang

Huang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Primitive electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is ongoing in Guiyu, so toxic heavy metals may continue to threaten the health of children in the area. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of e-waste exposure on haemoglobin (Hb) synthesis in preschool children. Methods Medical exams were conducted with the consent of children’s guardians and the approval of the Shantou University Medical College Ethics Committee. This study recruited 224 and 204 children in 3–6 years old from Guiyu (exposed group) and from a town without e-waste pollution (control group), respectively. Blood levels of lead, Hb, ferritin, folate and vitamin B12 were tested in all children. Furthermore, all children were assessed for thalassemia, and their parents were asked to complete questionnaires. Results There was no significant differences in ferritin, folate, or vitamin B12 levels between the exposed and control groups (P > 0.05). All children were excluded thalassemia. Blood lead level (BLL) and the rate of children with BLL ≥ 10 µg/dL were higher in the exposed group than control group (both P < 0.01). Both groups were further divided into three sub-groups according to BLL (Group A: <5.0 µg/dL; Group B: 5.0–9.9 µg/dL; Group C: ≥10.0 µg/dL). Hb levels were negatively correlated with BLL in exposed group (F = 3.52, P = 0.03), but not in control group (F = 1.98, P = 0.14). Hb levels in group B and group C were significantly lower in exposed group than in control group (Group B, P = 0.01; Group C, P = 0.03). In addition, the prevalence of anaemia in children with lead poisoning in exposed group were significantly higher than those in control group (4.0% versus 0.5%, P < 0.05). The prevalence of anaemia in children without lead poisoning and without iron deficiency in exposed group were also higher than those in control group (6.5% versus 2.0%, P < 0.05). Conclusion Lead exposure significantly inhibits Hb synthesis in children living in e-waste dismantling areas compared to those living in non-e-waste dismantling areas. Other toxins released from e-waste may also contribute to the inhibition of Hb synthesis and may lead to anaemia in local children. Further investigations are needed to provide evidence for the development of relevant protective measures.

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“…Blood lead and blood cadmium may interact with Hb (Chen et al 2015 ). Kutllovci-Zogaj et al used Spearman correlation analysis to analyse the relationship between BLL and Hb level in children in Mitrovica and found that there was a moderate correlation between BLL and Hb level (Kutllovci-Zogaj et al 2014 ). However, previous studies did not exclude the influence of common nutritional and genetic factors in the impact of lead exposure on Hb.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of lead exposure from electronic waste on haemoglobin synthesis in children

Wang

Huang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Background Primitive electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is ongoing in Guiyu, so toxic heavy metals may continue to threaten the health of children in the area. Objective This study primarily aimed to evaluate the effect of e-waste exposure on haemoglobin (Hb) synthesis in preschool children. Methods Medical examinations were conducted with the permission of children’s guardians and the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Medical College of Shantou University. This study recruited 224 children (aged 3–6 years, exposed group) who lived in Guiyu and 204 children (aged 3–6 years, control group) who lived in a town free of e-waste pollution. Blood levels of lead, Hb, ferritin, folate and vitamin B12 were tested in all children. Furthermore, all children were assessed for thalassemia, and their parents were asked to fill in questionnaires. Results There were no significant differences in the level of ferritin, folate, or vitamin B12 between the exposed and control groups (P > 0.05). No children were identified as having thalassemia in all study participants. Blood lead level (BLL) and the risk of children with BLL ≥ 10 µg/dL in the exposed group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.01). Three subgroups of each group were created according to BLL (Group A: < 5.0 µg/dL; Group B: 5.0–9.9 µg/dL; Group C: ≥ 10.0 µg/dL). Hb level decreased with elevated BLL in the exposed group (P = 0.03), but not in the control group (P = 0.14). Hb levels in group B and group C were also significantly lower in the exposed group than in the control group (Group B: 122.6 ± 9.5 g/L versus 125.8 ± 8.2 g/L, P = 0.01; Group C: 120.3 ± 7.3 g/L versus 123.6 ± 8.3 g/L, P = 0.03). In addition, the prevalence of anaemia associated with BLLs above 10 µg/dL and between 5.0 and 9.9 µg/dL were both significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (4.0% vs. 0.5%, 5.4% vs. 1.5%, respectively, both P < 0.05). Conclusion Lead exposure more significantly inhibits Hb synthesis in children who live in e-waste dismantling areas than in those who live in non-e-waste dismantling areas. Other toxins released from e-waste may also contribute to the inhibition of Hb synthesis and may lead to anaemia in local children. Further investigations are needed to provide evidence for the development of relevant protective measures.

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Correlation Between Blood Lead Level and Hemoglobin Level in Mitrovica Children

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

Blood Lead Level of Children and its Trend in Mitrovica, Kosova

Blood Lead Level of Children and its Trend in Mitrovica, Kosova

Effect of lead exposure from electronic waste on haemoglobin synthesis in children

Effect of lead exposure from electronic waste on haemoglobin synthesis in children

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