Correlation between brain tryptophan and plasma neutral amino acid levels following food consumption in rats

Fernstrom, John D.; Larin, Frances; Wurtman, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/0024-3205(73)90044-1

Cited by 175 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The uptake of amino acids by isolated microvessels in suspension is anatomically equivalent to the passage of substances from the brain into the blood whereas the in situ injection technique is from the blood into the brain. The finding that the apparent Km values for the transport of large neutral amino acids are similar on both sides of the microvascular wall suggests that the transport mechanism is not asymmetric (25)(26)(27)(28) (29). The similarities between the sodium and energy independent large neutral amino acid carrier system and the L system proposed by Christensen et al (30) have been noted (18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…From morphological studies, the barrier to the diffusion of molecules into the brain and retina from the blood is believed to reside at the level of the microvascular endothelium with its tight junctions (1,4). Studies into the nature of the selective entry of substances into the brain have been reported using in vivo and in situ techniques (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). From such studies it is known that nonpolar substances rapidly enter the brain by diffusion whereas polar molecules do not enter except by selective carrier systems (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolated microvessels: the blood-brain barrier in vitro.

Hjelle¹,

Baird-Lambert²,

Cardinale³

et al. 1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

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Isolated bovine retinal and brain microvessels, exhibiting a patent lumen, were used to study the contribution of the microvasculature to the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers. The diffusion marker, sucrose, was taken up slowly by the isolated microvessels in contrast to leucine, tyrosine, and valine which were taken up at a considerably faster rate. Uptake of leucine was temperature dependent but resistant to inhibition by ouabain and sodium azide. The large neutral amino acids exhibited stereospecificity and cross-competition for uptake by the isolated microvessels. The apparent Kms for uptake for tyrosine, leucine, and valine were 111 M, 133 MM, and 500 M&M, respectively.The penetration into or removal of a substance from the central nervous system is a function of the interaction between that substance and the various brain barrier systems (1). These systems include the partitions between brain regions, various enzymatic barriers, the clearance and sink actions of the cerebrospinal fluid, choroid plexus and pial vessel transport, and partitioning at the blood-brain interface. From numerous morphological studies using dyes and electron-dense tracers, the barrier to the passage of substances from the blood into the brain has been thought to reside at the level of the intracerebral microvasculature (2). An indication that the microvascular endothelium, with its tight junctions, was the structural entity responsible for this barrier action and not the astrocytic processes adjacent to the microvessels was obtained when it was demonstrated that intraventricularly injected horseradish peroxidase appeared in the pericapillary space (3). Similarly, the impenetrability of the retinal microvasculature to dyes and electron-dense tracers (4) has been attributed to its endothelial tight junctions. In addition, both the retinal and brain microvascular endothelium have low rates of vesicle formation which further decreases the movement of molecules across this cell layer (5). Additional involvement of the cerebral microvasculature in blood-brain partitioning has been demonstrated by in situ carotid artery injection quickly followed by decapitation and determination of brain extraction of the injected test substance (6). Because of the short time interval between injection and decapitation, it has been assumed that the extraction of the test substance was an index of microvascular activity.To more directly characterize the role of the cerebral microvasculature in the partitioning of small molecules between the blood and the brain and to develop methods for the study of such phenomena in vitro, we examined isolated intracerebral bovine brain microvessels and the anatomically similar retinal microvessels for their abilities to exclude certain polar substances and to transport large neutral amino acids. Beef brains and enucleated eyes from yearling animals were obtained from a slaughterhouse, packed in ice, and taken to the laboratory within 30 min of death. MATERIALS AND METHODS MaterialsPreparation of Microvessels...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolated microvessels: the blood-brain barrier in vitro.

Hjelle¹,

Baird-Lambert²,

Cardinale³

et al. 1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

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“…It remains, however, to exclude any effects of periodic fluctuations in the plasma content of neutral amino acids as these are known to compete with tryptophan for entry into the brain (Fernstrom and Wurtman 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Plasma Tryptophan and Melatonin Content in Penned Sheep

Dj¹,

Kj²,

Seamark³

1978

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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“…Therefore, the increased transport of tryptophan into the brain is proportional to the ratio of its concentration to the sum of concentrations of these other LNAA's in the plasma (i.e., the plasma Trp/LNAA ratio). Carbohydraterich foods have been found to increase the plasma Trp/LNAA ratio, thus giving tryptophan an advantage in the competition for access to the brain (Curzon, 1985;Fernstrom et al, 1971;Fernstrom et al, 1973;Wurtman, 1987).…”

Section: Biological Stress Vulnerability: Serotonin and Stress-inducementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbohydraterich foods have been found to increase the plasma Trp/LNAA ratio, thus giving tryptophan an advantage in the competition for access to the brain (Curzon, 1985;Fernstrom et al, 1971;Fernstrom et al, 1973; Wurtman, 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dit werk is (mede)gefinancierd door de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) onder de projectnaam: 'Gene by Cognition influences on emotional eating; a moderating role for ruminative thinking?' projectnummer 057-13-004. Donut worryThe role of 5-HTTLPR genotype and ruminative thinking in emotional eating behaviour. Grab your coat and grab your hat, leave your worries on the doorstep Just direct your feet to the sunny side of the street Can't you hear that pitter-pat? PROEFSCHRIFTThat happy tune is your stepLife can be so sweet, on the sunny side of the street General IntroductionThe interaction between 5-HTTLPR genotype and ruminative thinking on body mass index Gene by cognition interaction on stress-induced attention bias for food: effects of 5-HTTLPR and ruminative thinkingThe effect of 5-HTTLPR genotype and cognitive rumination on long term cortisol reactivity measured in human hair.The interaction between 5-HTTLPR genotype and Ruminative Thinking on Daily Stress and Food Intakea multilevel approach Chapter 1General Introduction 10Chapter 1 The worldwide epidemic of overweight is considered one of the greatest threats to human health. In recent years, the prevalence of clinical overweight or obesity has increased to 30 percent of the population in the US (Flegal et al., 2010) and in Europe (Berghofer et al., 2008). People with obesity have an overall poorer quality of health, a higher risk of developing diabetes (Mokdad et al., 2001) and a heightened risk of developing mood disorders (Dong, et al., 2004). Multiple factors have been proposed as contributors to the increased prevalence of obesity, of which a sedentary lifestyle and easy access to energy dense foods seem to be among the important contributors (Wing et al., 2001). Although most people in the Western world have easy access to energy dense foods, many do not suff er from obesity. Therefore individual diff erences in weight gain might be related to diff erent levels of susceptibility to unhealthy eating styles. One of these well-known risky eating styles with regard to weight gain is: emotional eating, also called stress-induced eating.Stress-induced eating refers to eating in response to stress and/or negative mood to fulfi l emotional needs (to feed a feeling) rather than nutritional needs (to feed an empty stomach). This positive relationship between stress and increased food intake has been evidenced in several large populationwide association studies (Kivimaki et al, 2006; Mellbin & Vuile, 1989; Ng & Jeff rey, 2003). For instance, in their well-conducted large survey study (N=12110), Ng and Jeff ery (2003) reported a clear positive association between perceived emotional stress and total energy and fat intake. Additionally, in a longitudinal cohort study in which children were monitored for three years (between the ages of 7 and 10), disproportionate weight gain was signifi cantly associated with higher levels of psychosocial stress (Mellbin & Vuile, 1989). A more specifi c form of stress, stress at the workplace, s...

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Correlation between brain tryptophan and plasma neutral amino acid levels following food consumption in rats

Cited by 175 publications

References 6 publications

Isolated microvessels: the blood-brain barrier in vitro.

Isolated microvessels: the blood-brain barrier in vitro.

Changes in Plasma Tryptophan and Melatonin Content in Penned Sheep

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