“…The iron–sulfur cluster is an ancient and essential protein cofactor with various compositions and structures , and is widely distributed in bacteria , and mammals, , indicative of conserved biological evolution to some extent . The three major iron–sulfur clusters in organisms, Isc (iron–sulfur cluster), Nif (nitrogen fixation), and Suf (sulfur utilization factor), play significant roles on nucleic acid replication and repair, nitrogen fixation, and bacterial sulfur depletion processes. , Iron–sulfur clusters in mammals generally exist as [2Fe2S], [4Fe4S], and [3Fe4S] − and participate in various physiological processes such as mitochondrial respiration, DNA replication, , and repair, ,, via the ligand binding of Fe atoms with cysteine/histidine residues. The [4Fe4S] cluster generally serves itself as an electron transfer switch involved in the redox process of DNA replication and repair.…”