Correlation between metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea

Abstract

The so-called “metabolic syndrome” (MS), constitutes a cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities, including fasting glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and waist circumference that arise from insulin resistance. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway, involving cessation or significant decreased airflow, with intermittent hypoxemia, frequent arousals from sleep and recurrent oxyhemoglobin desaturations that interfere with normal sleep patterns generating difficulty falling asleep, unrefreshing sleep and loud snoring. The relation between these two entities is known as “Syndrome Z”, and there is no question about the impact of these risk factors on health and disease. This clinical condition presents a growing epidemic Worldwide, affecting approximately 60% of the general population with both MS and OSA due to the constant increase of body mass index in humans. This article presents evidence-based data that focuses on the direct relationship between MS and OSA.

Gender-Associated Biomarkers in Metabolic Syndrome

“…MS is due to the increase in body mass index (BMI) as result of an increase in caloric intake, increase in obesity percentage, and increased sedentary life habits [96]. As said before, this clinical entity has a cluster of risk factors such as hypertension, central obesity, increased triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), increased blood glucose, and insulin resistance [11,44]. The prevalence of the MS worldwide is estimated to be between 10 and 84%, highlighting a certain correlation with developed countries, but it also depends on various factors such as socioeconomic status, lifestyle, BMI, and region studied [38,96].…”

“…The association between BMI and coronary heart diseases has been shown to be the same between men and women in several studies [23,66,78]. The increased BMI has the same deleterious effects on the risk of MS onset in women and men [11,62]. However, there are numerous differences between men and women regarding body fat, excess body weight, and obesity that could be due to either direct activation by sex steroids or by sex steroid-independent mechanisms.…”

“…Hypertension, central obesity, increased triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), increased blood glucose and insulin resistance are collectively defined as risk factors for cardiovascular disease triggered by metabolic syndrome [11,44,62] (Table 1).…”

New directions in metabolic syndrome diagnosis: assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor, pentraxin-3 and transforming growth factor beta levels

“…Интересно, что у пациентов с синдромом обструктивного апноэ во сне, заболевании, часто сопутствующем МС и хронической сердечной недостаточностью (ХСН), отмечается повышение уровня PTX-3 [39].…”

Ultrasonographic evaluation of abdominal wall fat index, carotid intima-media thickness and plaque score in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

“…OSAS was related with metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus [11][12][13][14] and recently a relation between visceral fat deposition and severity of OSAS was reported [13,15]. Increased visceral fat seems to be a key factor for metabolic syndrome and OSAS.…”