Correlation between radionuclides associated with zircon and monazite in beach sand of Rosetta, Egypt

Natural radioactivity distribution and gammaradiation exposure of beach sands close to Kavalapluton, Greece

“…The heavy, heavy magnetic and heavy non-magnetic (%wt.) fractions are given in Table 1, are in well agreement with the natural radioactivity levels reported by the literature concerning data from regular background radiation areas [3,14,15,[17][18][19]. Moreover, data of samples obtained by heavy minerals enriched horizons, are comparable with the levels reported for high background radiation level areas in India, Brazil and Sithonia, Greece [11,13,16,18,36].…”

“…The absorbed gamma dose rate received implying a uniform distribution of radionuclides, was estimated using the following equation considering the necessary conversion factors (in nGy h −1 by Bq kg −1 ) to transform the activity concentrations of 40 K, 238 U and 232 Th(C K , C U and C Th respectively) in absorbed dose rate at 1m above the ground [5,17,[42][43][44][45][46].…”

Natural radioactivity distribution and gamma radiation exposure of beach sands from Sithonia Peninsula

“…fractions are given in Table 1. The textural group of each sample is given in Table 1 Table 2 (with the exception of samples 42, 46, 47 and 50 which display elevated levels of natural radioactivity), are in good agreement with the natural radioactivity levels reported by the literature concerning data from regular background radiation areas [9,14,15,17]. Moreover, data from samples 49Ep, 50Ep and 54Ep with high heavy mineral concentrations are comparable with the levels reported for high background radiation level areas in India and Brazil [8,11,13,16].…”

“…More specifically, two categories of people were assumed: (a) tourists spending on the beach 8 h per day for 3 weeks and (b) local people working 10 h per day for 10 weeks on the beach. The absorbed gamma dose rate received implying a uniform distribution of radionuclides, was estimated using the following equation considering the necessary conversion factors (in nGy h −1 by Bq kg −1 ) to transform the activity concentrations of 40 K, 238 U and 232 Th (C K , C U and C T respectively) in absorbed dose rate at 1m above the ground [2,17].…”

“…Various studies on natural radioactivity levels of sands were carried out worldwide, in particular in areas with high background radiation like India and Brazil or countries with extended sand land- scapes. Exposure dose rates were assessed indicating that these dose rates vary depending upon the concentration of the natural radionuclides present in sands and bed-rocks, which in turn depend upon the local geology of each region [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The coastline of Greece is one of the largest worldwide; however, despite the fact that most of Greek beaches are highly touristic, there are no data upon their natural radioactivity levels until now.…”