Correlation between surface and bulk structures of alcohol–water mixtures

Impact of alcohol additives concentration on etch rate and surface morphology of (100) and (110) Si substrates etched in KOH solutions

“…Although, to our best knowledge, there is no significant report on the aqueous solutions containing both electrolyte (e.g., KOH or NaOH) and alcohol, the aqueous solutions with alcohols have been widely studied in the literature (Zana and Michels 1989;Hayashi et al 1990;D'Angelo et al 1994;Gliński et al 1998;Yoshida et al 2002;Yano 2005). Based on these reports, the phenomena concerning alcohol molecules behavior in the aqueous solution at different alcohol concentrations are described below.…”

“…When the concentration of alcohol is sufficiently high, the monolayer of the alcohol molecules at the interface is completely formed. The concentration of the monolayer formation corresponds to that at which the solution loses its ideality and the alcohol molecules in the bulk of solution start to aggregate (Yano 2005). The aggregation occurs due to the hydrophobic attraction between hydrocarbon groups of alcohol molecules and is favorable because requires less entropy reduction than the hydrophobic hydration of single molecules of alcohol (Glinski et al 1998;Yoshida et al 2002).…”

“…The hydroxyl groups of the aggregated molecules are oriented towards the aqueous phase so that they form hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. Further increase of the alcohol concentration leads to the breakage of hydrogen bond network by the aggregates of alcohol molecules and weakening of van der Waals interactions in the bulk (D'Angelo et al 1994;Yoshida et al 2002;Yano 2005). As a consequence, the alcohol molecules move from the liquid-air interface into the bulk, causing a gradual disappearance of the alcohol monolayer (Yano 2005).…”

“…Further increase of the alcohol concentration leads to the breakage of hydrogen bond network by the aggregates of alcohol molecules and weakening of van der Waals interactions in the bulk (D'Angelo et al 1994;Yoshida et al 2002;Yano 2005). As a consequence, the alcohol molecules move from the liquid-air interface into the bulk, causing a gradual disappearance of the alcohol monolayer (Yano 2005). In the high concentrated solution, water molecules are incorporated as single molecules into the alcohol hydrogen-bonding structure (D'Angelo et al 1994;Yoshida et al 2002;Czarnecki and Wojtków 2008).…”

Adsorption of Triton X-100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide mixture with ethanol at nylon-6–solution interface with regard to nylon-6 wettability: I. The effect of adsorption on critical surface tension of nylon-6 wetting

“…1,2,3,4) (Rosen 2004;Zana 1995;Zdziennicka et al 2012;Czerniawski 1966;Carpena et al 2002;Barchlui and Pottel 1994;Das and Das 2009;Nagarajan and Wang 2000;Kumbhakar et al 2004;Rhabi and Winnik 2001;Musselman and Chander 2002;Jones 1999;Yano 2005;Kahlweit et al 1991). In the range of ethanol concentration in which it can form small aggregates in the solution, the contact angle values practically do not depend on the composition and concentration of the surfactant mixture.…”