We have revisited the valence band electronic structure of NiO by means of hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES) together with theoretical calculations using both the GW method and the local density approximation + dynamical mean-field theory (LDA+DMFT) approaches. The effective impurity problem in DMFT is solved through the exact diagonalization (ED) method. We show that the LDA+DMFT method in conjunction with the standard fully localized limit (FLL) and around mean field (AMF) double-counting alone cannot explain all the observed structures in the HAXPES spectra. GW corrections are required for the O bands and Ni-s and p derived states to properly position their binding energies. Our results establish that a combination of the GW and DMFT methods is necessary for correctly describing the electronic structure of NiO in a proper ab initio framework. We also demonstrate that the inclusion of photoionization cross section is crucial to interpret the HAXPES spectra of NiO. We argue that our conclusions are general and that the here suggested approach is appropriate for any complex transition metal oxide. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.235138The electronic structure of the late 3d transition metal monoxides (TMO) has been studied intensely [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Despite their apparent simplicity, they exhibit a rich variety of physical properties. It is by now clear that most of these properties arise due to the strong Coulomb interaction among the 3d electrons of the transition metal ion.NiO is the archetype of TMO with strong correlation effects, and has often served as the system of choice when new experimental and theoretical methods are benchmarked. The electronic structure of NiO has remained enigmatic and controversial over the decades and have also become a major topic of textbooks on condensed matter physics [3][4][5]18,19]. Over the years, a number of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy (BIS) studies [13,[20][21][22][23] were carried out to address its electronic structure. There also have been several theoretical attempts, ranging from model approaches [3,[24][25][26][27]] to first-principles calculations [14,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], to explain different spectroscopic manifestations of NiO.Initially, the electronic structure of NiO was interpreted using ligand field theory where the insulating gap is primarily determined by the large Coulomb interaction U between Ni-d states, an ideal case of a Mott insulator [3,18]. This interpretation, however, could not be reconciled with res-* These authors contributed equally to this work. † olle.eriksson@physics.uu.se ‡ sarma@sscu.iisc.ernet.in onance photoemission experiments [38,39], since it failed to capture the right character of the multielectron satellite observed at high binding energy (around 9 eV). Later, Fujimori et al. [24] explained using a cluster model that the high-energy satellite arises due to the d 7 final state configuration, which was consiste...