Correlation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan with other inflammation markers in chronically HIV infected persons on suppressive antiretroviral therapy

Hoenigl, Martin; Oliveira, Michelli F.; Pérez-Santiago, Josué; Zhang, Yonglong; Woods, Steven Paul; Finkelman, Malcolm; Gianella, Sara

doi:10.3205/id000018

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…We showed that plasma βDG level was significantly associated with other known immune activation markers. This is consistent with previous studies ( 6 , 16 , 17 ). Morris et al ( 6 ) proved that the increased plasma βDG in PLWH patients was related to the levels of IL-8, TNF–α, and the frequency of CD38 + and HLA-DR + CD8 + T cells; Hoenigl et al ( 16 ) study showed that the level of plasma βDG was positively correlated with the level of IL-6, another immune activation marker.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…This is consistent with previous studies ( 6 , 16 , 17 ). Morris et al ( 6 ) proved that the increased plasma βDG in PLWH patients was related to the levels of IL-8, TNF–α, and the frequency of CD38 + and HLA-DR + CD8 + T cells; Hoenigl et al ( 16 ) study showed that the level of plasma βDG was positively correlated with the level of IL-6, another immune activation marker. Importantly, Ramendra et al ( 17 ) showed that the level of βDG was correlated with the expression of Dectin-1 and NKp30 in PLWH, and the Dectin-1 and NKp30 were associated with the activation of monocytes and NK cells in vitro .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

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Circulating (1 → 3)-β-D-Glucan as an immune activation marker decreased after ART in people living with HIV

Xun

Guo

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundPlasma level of polysaccharide (1 → 3)-β-D-Glucan (βDG), as a diagnostic marker of invasive fungal infection has been reported to be elevated in people living with HIV (PLWH). We assessed the association of circulating βDG to inflammation and systemic immune activation and the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on βDG in PLWH.MethodPlasma and peripheral blood monocular cell samples from 120 PLWH naive to ART and after 1 year's ART were collected. Plasma levels of βDG, markers of bacterial translocation, gut damage, and cellular immune activation were quantified.ResultThe plasma βDG levels were negatively correlated with CD4+ T cells count (r = −0.25, p = 0.005) and positively with HIV viral load (r = 0.28, p = 0.002) before ART. It was also positively correlated with immune activation markers, including PD-1 expression on CD4+ T cell (r = 0.40, p = 0.01) and CD8+ T cell (r = 0.47, p = 0.002), as well as HLADR+CD38+ co-expression on CD8+ T cell (r = 0.56, p = 0.0002), but not with the plasma levels of LPS (r = 0.02, p = 0.84), LPS binding protein (LBP, r = 0.11, p = 0.36), soluble LPS receptor sCD14 (r = 0.04, p = 0.68), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP, r = −0.12, p = 0.18), and regenerating islet-derived protein 3α (REG3α, r = 0.18, p = 0.06). After 1 year's ART, the levels of βDG were significantly decreased compared to that in pre-ART (1.31 ± 0.24 Log10 pg/ml vs. 1.39 ± 0.18 Log10 pg/ml, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe level of plasma βDG was associated with cellular immune activation and decreased after ART in PLWH, suggesting it could serve as a biomarker of immune activation and efficacy monitoring.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Circulating (1 → 3)-β-D-Glucan as an immune activation marker decreased after ART in people living with HIV

Xun

Guo

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…Morris et al, first reported that the fungal product, BDG, is present in the blood of PLWH, and that those individuals with higher plasma BDG are associated with lower CD4 + T-cell counts, a higher viral load, and cardiopulmonary comorbidity (208). Subsequently, other investigators also reported higher BDG levels in PLWH (92,(209)(210)(211). An investigation by Mehraj et al, showed that, in a similar manner to LPS levels indicating translocation of bacterial products, plasma BDG levels are elevated in all HIV-positive patients without IFI, compared with HIV-negative controls (44).…”

Section: Bdgmentioning

confidence: 90%

Relevance of biomarkers indicating gut damage and microbial translocation in people living with HIV

et al. 2023

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The intestinal barrier has the daunting task of allowing nutrient absorption while limiting the entry of microbial products into the systemic circulation. HIV infection disrupts the intestinal barrier and increases intestinal permeability, leading to microbial product translocation. Convergent evidence has shown that gut damage and an enhanced level of microbial translocation contribute to the enhanced immune activation, the risk of non-AIDS comorbidity, and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH). Gut biopsy procedures are invasive, and are not appropriate or feasible in large populations, even though they are the gold standard for intestinal barrier investigation. Thus, validated biomarkers that measure the degree of intestinal barrier damage and microbial translocation are needed in PLWH. Hematological biomarkers represent an objective indication of specific medical conditions and/or their severity, and should be able to be measured accurately and reproducibly via easily available and standardized blood tests. Several plasma biomarkers of intestinal damage, i.e., intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), zonulin, and regenerating islet-derived protein-3α (REG3α), and biomarkers of microbial translocation, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1,3)-β-D-Glucan (BDG) have been used as markers of risk for developing non-AIDS comorbidities in cross sectional analyses and clinical trials, including those aiming at repair of gut damage. In this review, we critically discuss the value of different biomarkers for the estimation of gut permeability levels, paving the way towards developing validated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to repair gut epithelial damage and to improve overall disease outcomes in PLWH.

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“…also reported a positive correlation between sST2 and ox-LDL ( 112 ), levels of both of these markers are reduced with statin use. Besides bacterial translocation from the gut to periphery, the translocation of fungal products such as the major cell wall component 1,3-β-D-Glucan (βDG), has also been shown to contribute to the chronic inflammation and immune activation and has been associated with cardiopulmonary dysfunction ( 17 , 113 , 114 ). We recently reported correlation of plasma βDG with markers of disease progression, gut damage, bacterial translocation, and inflammation among PWH ( 17 ).…”

Section: Statins As Immune Modulators: Beyond Their Lipid-lowering Ef...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of statins beyond lipid-lowering agents in ART-treated HIV infection

Mehraj,

Chen,

Routy

2024

Front. Immunol.

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Antiretroviral therapies (ART) have reduced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-associated morbidity and mortality improving the life of people with HIV (PWH). However, ART lead to residual HIV production, which in conjunction with microbial translocation and immune dysfunction contributes to chronic inflammation and immune activation. PWH on ART remain at an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including myocardial infarction and stroke; which in part is explained by chronic inflammation and immune activation. Lifestyle factors and certain ART are associated with dyslipidemia characterized by an increase of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which further contributes in the increased risk for CVDs. Lipid-lowering agents like statins are emerging as immune modulators in decreasing inflammation in a variety of conditions including HIV. The international randomized clinical trial REPRIEVE has shed light on the reduction of CVDs with statin therapy among PWH. Such reports indicate a more than expected benefit of statins beyond their lipid-lowering effects. Bempedoic acid, a first-in-class non-statin LDL-lowering drug with immune modulatory effects, may further aid PWH in combination with statins. Herein, we critically reviewed studies aimed at lipid-lowering and immune-modulating roles of statins that may benefit aging PWH.

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Correlation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan with other inflammation markers in chronically HIV infected persons on suppressive antiretroviral therapy

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Circulating (1 → 3)-β-D-Glucan as an immune activation marker decreased after ART in people living with HIV

Circulating (1 → 3)-β-D-Glucan as an immune activation marker decreased after ART in people living with HIV

Relevance of biomarkers indicating gut damage and microbial translocation in people living with HIV

Effects of statins beyond lipid-lowering agents in ART-treated HIV infection

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