Correlation of Geographical Location with Stable Isotope Values of Hydrogen and Carbon of Fatty Acids from New Zealand Milk and Bulk Milk Powder

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of δ²H and δ¹³C of bulk milk powder and milk powder fatty acids to their production region. A total of 46 milk powder samples from across New Zealand were collected and analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the δ²H and δ¹³C of four fatty acids (C4:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:1) and bulk milk powder were found to be correlated with regional production area. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models were prepared using different combinations of bulk and fatty acid δ²H and δ¹³C. All models were effective in discriminating samples from the North and South Islands. The LDA model using just fatty acid δ²H and δ¹³C provided the best separation. Therefore, the isotopic composition of the aforementioned fatty acids can be utilized as a good biomarker in milk powder that conveys reliable isotopic information to track milk powders to their regional origin.

Effects of region, genotype, harvest year and their interactions on δ13C, δ15N and δD in wheat kernels

“…Plants reflect characteristics of their environment and physiology through the stable isotope ratios of elements (e.g., 13 C/ 12 C, 15 N/ 14 N, 18 O/ 16 O and 2 H/ 1 H) that form compounds in the organisms (Anderson & Smith, 2006) Furthermore, isotope signatures are natural fingerprints of biomaterials that can be stored for several years without the isotope composition changing significantly, and many researches have proved that stable isotopic composition can be employed in food geographical origin authenticity and traceability such as meat (Guo, Wei, Pan, & Li, 2010;Liu, Guo, Wei, Shi, & Sun, 2013;Osorio, Moloney, Schmidt, & Monahan, 2011), dairy product (Ehtesham, Hayman, McComb, Van Hale, & Frew, 2013;Scampicchio et al, 2012), fruit juice (Rummel, Hoelzl, Horn, Rossmann, & Schlicht, 2010), olive oil (Camin et al, 2010), wine (Marchionni et al, 2013) and cereals (Brescia et al, 2002;Kawasaki, Oda, & Hirata, 2002).…”

Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes

“…Stable carbon isotope analysis has been used to monitor the quality and authenticate various foods [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. In this study, the patterns of the average δ 13 C values of individual major fatty acids in the three Cordyceps substitutes ( Figure 8 ) are evidently different from that of wild O. sinensis (as shown by the dashed line in Figure 8 ).…”

“…Stable carbon isotope technique has been widely used to study the circulation of materials in the biosphere due to its remarkable advantage in tracing the long-term diet of animals [ 23 ]. The δ 13 C values of organisms or foods have also been widely applied as sensitive markers for discriminating their geographical origins and food adulteration [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Our group had employed stable carbon isotope analysis to study the diet of the host Thitarodes larva in the habitat of O. sinensis and the fungus–larva relation in the formation of O. sinensis , revealing that the humic matters in habitat soils were also one alternative food of the host larva except conventional tender plant roots [ 30 ]; and the site near the head of the host larva was the initial target attacked by O. sinensis [ 31 ].…”

Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural <em>Cordyceps sinensis</em> from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes

“…Stable carbon isotope analysis has been used to monitor the quality and authenticate various foods [18][19][20][21][22][23]. In this study, the patterns of the average δ 13 C values of individual major fatty acids in the three Cordyceps substitutes (Fig.…”