“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] We and other investigators have shown that postnatal factors in the neonatal intensive care unit, including the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, the need for inotropes, lack of oral feeding at discharge, and placement of a gastrostomy tube before hospital discharge are associated with evidence of brain injury on MR imaging. 1,6,7 In addition, a large diaphragmatic defect, persistent pulmonary hypertension, and the presence of liver herniation into the chest are associated with a greater degree of brain injury postnatally. 5 Despite evidence of postnatal brain injury in these infants, the presence and extent of brain injury in utero are unclear.…”