Preoperative continuous-wave Doppler spectral analysis was used to generate two parameters, peak frequency in the internal carotid artery (f m< ) and the ratio of peak frequencies in the internal and common carotid arteries (carotid index). These were compared with direct measurement of residual lumen diameter in pathologic specimens obtained from carotid endarterectomy in 37 patients. Doppler shift frequency parameters were well correlated with residual lumen diameter when the latter was at least 1 ram. Residual lumens of s 2 mm were found to have an £_" of > 7.5 kHz and a carotid index of >3.8. If f m was > 14 kHz or the carotid index was >7, the residual lumen diameter was nearly always £ 1 mm. Thus, the severity of the stenosis correlated directly with Doppler shift frequencies. The length of stenoses did not affect the correlations. (Stroke 1988; 19:584-588) I n 1951, Fisher 1 observed that cerebral infarction could follow atherosclerotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Since then, endarterectomy of the atherothrombotic plaque at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (CCA) has become one of the most frequent operations in the United States. Recently, concern has arisen regarding the frequency and appropriateness of such surgery. Uncertainty of the natural history of carotid disease 2 " 4 combined with the risks of surgery and the preceding angiography have been at the core of this concern. This has resulted in the need to develop safe and effective methods to noninvasivery and precisely define the extent and location of the atherothrombotic plaque and its evolution over time.Noninvasive carotid studies have evolved into a focused group of tests. These tests use three basic methodologies: measurement of the ocular systolic pressure by oculoplethysmography, 5 spectral analysis of the bruit arising from the stenotic lesion at the origin of the ICA (quantitative phonoangiography), M and ultrasonic spectral analysis of blood flow and imaging at the bifurcation of the CCA.9 Continuous-wave (CW) Doppler analysis of flowing blood at the bifurcation of the CCA is one of the most specific of the noninvasive tests. However, its sensitivity in determining the precise degree of stenosis at the origin of the ICA has been limited largely because Doppler analysis has been correlated only with angiography. Received August 25, 1987; accepted November 25, 1987. with actual pathology, thereby providing a precise estimate of the degree of atherosclerotic stenosis at the origin of the ICA. 8 Its use, however, is limited because often a bruit is not present or is too faint to analyze and because the required equipment is not in general production. Therefore, our study was undertaken to compare quantitative analysis of the CW Doppler shift frequency spectrum with precise pathologic anatomy of the endarterectomy specimen.
Subjects and MethodsDuring the years 1984-1986, 37 patients had CW Doppler evaluation of their carotid arteries followed by a carotid endarterectomy from which an intact specimen was r...