Correlation of the Local and Systemic Cytokine Response With Clinical Outcome Following Thermal Injury

Liposomal gene transfer of multiple genes is more effective than gene transfer of a single gene

“…In the burn model, the wound is the major source of proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines and proinflammatory hormones. 9 Proinflammatory mediators lead to hypermetabolism and catabolism, which in turn is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. 25 Thus, accelerated wound healing results in better outcome and survival of burned patients.…”

“…7,8 As dermal and epidermal regeneration has been shown to be crucial for survival of many pathophysiologic states, such as burns, an accelerated rate of wound healing would be beneficial. 9 Among many growth factors that may play a role during the wound healing cascade, few growth factors were delivered by liposomal gene transfer. Sun et al 6 used FGF, Nakamura et al 11 used PDGF and our group used insulin like-growth factor-I (IGF-I) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF).…”

IGF-I gene transfer in thermally injured rats

“…The advantages of early wound closure, demonstrated in several clinical studies, include a diminished hypermetabolic burn response and a decrease in inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, IL-8 and TNF␣. 25,26 Previous studies using liposomes to transport IGF-I protein and IGF-I cDNA, have demonstrated weight gains and increases in wound healing in burned rats. 18 These studies, however, included recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) which may directly or indirectly influence wound healing and body weight gains, thus making it difficult to ascertain if one or both of these growth factors were responsible for specific effects.…”

Sex differences and estrogen modulation of the cellular immune response after injury

“…This dysregulated immune response in humans and mice can be characterized by higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), and lower delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and lymphocyte proliferation [23][24][25]. A retrospective study in burn patients demonstrated higher mortality in females when compared to males sustaining a similar sized burn injury [26][27][28][29]. Consistent with these observations, lower survival rates in female mice compared to males with 15% total body surface area (TBSA) were obtained [30].…”