Correlational Methods in Research on Human Learning

Manning, W.; DuBois, Philip H.

doi:10.2466/pms.1962.15.2.287

Cited by 120 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Residual gain scores control for initial differences between individuals and measurement error inherent in the use of repeated measures on the same instrument (Beutler & Hamblin, 1986;Manning & DuBois, 1962;Mintz, Luborsky, & Christoph, 1979;Steketee & Chambless, 1992). Specifically, the residual gain scores of the SCQ (RG SCQ ) were calculated by subtracting the standardized pretest scores (z SCQ/pre ), multiplied by the correlation between the standardized scores at pretest and posttest, r (SCQ/pre × SCQ/post) , from the posttest scores (z SCQ/post ): RG SCQ = z SCQ/post − z SCQ/pre × r (SCQ/pre × SCQ/post) .…”

Section: Mediation Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Mediation of Treatment Change in Social Phobia.

Hofmann¹

2004

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

261

126

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Ninety individuals with social phobia (social anxiety disorder) participated in a randomized controlled trial and completed cognitive-behavioral group therapy, exposure group therapy without explicit cognitive interventions, or a wait-list control condition. Both treatments were superior to the wait-list group in reducing social anxiety but did not differ from one another at posttest. Changes in estimated social cost mediated treatment changes in both treatment conditions from pre-to posttest. However, only participants who received cognitive-behavioral therapy showed continued improvement from posttest to 6-month follow-up, which was associated with a reduction of estimated social cost from pretest to posttest. These results suggest that cognitive intervention leads to better maintenance of treatment gains, which is mediated through changes in estimated social cost.Social phobia is the most common type of anxiety disorder and the third most common mental disorder in the U.S. population (Kessler et al., 1994). Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of psychological treatments for social phobia, especially cognitive-behavioral therapy and exposure therapy (e.g., Clark et al., 2003;Feske & Chambless, 1995;Heimberg et al., 1998;Taylor, 1996). It has been argued that social phobia treatments involving explicit cognitive strategies should be superior to pure exposure therapy because cognitive interventions are directly aimed at changing dysfunctional thinking (Butler, 1985;Butler, Cullington, Munby, Amies, & Gelder, 1984;Stopa & Clark, 1993). This assumption, however, is not clearly supported by the empirical data. There are eight controlled clinical studies in the literature in which investigators directly compared cognitive-behavioral therapy with exposure therapy without explicit cognitive interventions (Butler et al., 1984;Emmelkamp, Mersch, Vissia, & van der Helm, 1985;Gelernter et al., 1991;Hope, Heimberg, & Bruch, 1995;Mattick & Peters, 1988;Mattick, Peters, & Clark, 1989;Scholing & Emmelkamp, 1993a, 1993b. In only two of the trials did the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy exceed those of exposure alone at posttreatment (Butler et al., 1984;Mattick & Peters, 1988). Furthermore, a number of meta-analyses suggested that both cognitive-behavioral therapy and exposure therapy produce very similar dropouts and pre/post and pre/follow-up effects for self-report measures of social phobia, cognitive symptoms, and depressed-anxious mood (Feske & Chambless, 1995;Gould, Buckminster, Pollack, Otto, & Yap, 1997;Taylor, 1996). Finally, the results of a dismantling study conducted by Hope, Heimberg, and Bruch (1995) suggest that exposure alone is at least as effective as exposure plus cognitive intervention in the treatment of social phobia.These findings raise important questions about the mechanism of treatment changes and the variables that are involved in this change process (i.e., the mediators of change). The cognitive model of social phobia posits that certain beliefs about the social situation...

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Section: Mediation Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Mediation of Treatment Change in Social Phobia.

Hofmann¹

2004

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

261

126

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“…The CRUDE GAIN SCORE, described by Manning & DuBois (1962), is simply the difference between two scores: Time 2 -Time 1. This measure, although easy to calculate, has two serious limitations: it is only appropriate when the scaling techniques used to obtain the raw scores are identical on both occasions, and it is vulnerable to sampling errors.…”

Section: Measurement Of Child Progressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of adult speech which predict children's language development

et al. 1983

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Samples of the speech addressed by adults to a socially representative sample of 2-year-olds in naturally occurring contexts of interaction were analysed with respect to syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and discourse features to determine which features were most strongly associated with gain by the children on a variety of measures of language development over the ensuing 9 months. Following a principal components analysis of the adult speech variables, the most highly loading variables on the first six components were correlated with children's gain scores. Polar h interrogatives, directives and extending utterances were all found to be • associated with at least one measure of development. The results are if interpreted as evidence of reciprocal, rather than one-way facilitation.

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“…The method that appeals most to intuition is to form the difference between the final measure and the initial measure, thereby constructing a simple gain score. As a result of limitations in these simple gains, however, psychometrists and others have proposed alternate methods for measuring change, two of which are the residualized difference of Manning and DuBois (1962) and the concept of base-free change proposed by Tucker, Damarin, and Messick (1966). One of the criticisms most frequently made of simple gains is that they are base-dependent-that is, that the magnitude of change is dependent on the value of the initial measure (base)-and it is thought that this limitation is detrimental to psychometric properties such as reliability and validity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%