Correlations between Coffee Consumption and Metabolic Phenotypes, Plasma Folate, and Vitamin B12: NHANES 2003 to 2006

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent not only among the overweight and obese but also normal weight individuals, and the phenotype is referred to as a metabolically unhealthy phenotype (MUHP). Besides normal weight individuals, overweight/obese individuals are also protected from MetS, and the phenotype is known as a metabolically healthy phenotype (MHP). Epidemiological studies indicate that coffee and micronutrients such as plasma folate or vitamin B12 (vit. B12) are inversely associated with MetS. However, correlations among coffee consumption metabolic phenotypes, plasma folate, and vit. B12 remain unknown. Our objective was to investigate the correlation between coffee consumption, metabolic phenotypes, plasma folate, and vit. B12 as well as to understand associations between plasma folate, vit. B12, and metabolic phenotypes. Associations among coffee consumption metabolic phenotypes, plasma folate, and vit. B12 were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 2201 participants, 18 years or older, from 2003–2004 and 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). MUHP was classified as having > three metabolic abnormalities. Coffee consumption was not associated with metabolic phenotypes, but negatively correlated with several metabolic variables, including BMI (p < 0.001). Plasma folate was positively associated with MUHP (p < 0.004), while vit. B12 was inversely associated with MUHP (p < 0.035). Our results suggest the potential protective impact of coffee on individual components of MetS and indicate a positive correlation between coffee consumption and MUHP among overweight individuals. Identifying possible dietary factors may provide practical and low-cost dietary intervention targets, specifically for early intervention. Larger and randomized intervention studies and prospective longitudinal studies are required to further evaluate these associations.

Metabolic Disorders in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Coffee as a Panacea? (ANRS CO22 Hepather Cohort)

“…Our results for dyslipidemia and hypertension are consistent with those found in the general population [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 51 ]. In the general population, significant positive nonlinear associations between coffee consumption and the increase in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and TG levels have been suggested, and coffee consumption may be associated with an elevated risk of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases [ 51 ].…”

“…In the general population, coffee consumption is associated with higher total cholesterol levels. Results for TG levels are less consistent [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Conversely, tea consumption seems to lower total cholesterol; again, results for TG levels are inconsistent [ 26 , 28 ].…”

Joint Association of Low Vitamin K1 and D Status With First Stroke in General Hypertensive Adults: Results From the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT)

“…Notably, treatment intervention in our study might be a significant modifier: a stronger association was found in participants treated with enalapril alone. Since adults with hypertension in our study were more likely to have lower serum folate than in US (medium 7.82 vs. 11.5 ng/mL) ( 23 ). Folic acid has a potent antioxidant and antithrombotic effect in the prevention of cardiovascular disease ( 24 ).…”

Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon

“…Previous observational studies in Western and Eastern populations have examined the association of blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12 with the metabolic syndrome. In a cross-sectional population-based study of 2201 adults in the US, participants with metabolic syndrome demonstrated a higher folate concentration and lower vitamin B12 concentration than those without metabolic syndrome [ 31 ]. Similarly, a study of 524 adults in nine Mesoamerican countries showed that red blood cell (RBC) folate was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome and plasma vitamin B12 was positively associated with fasting blood glucose and hypertension [ 32 ].…”