Correlations of Ventricular Enlargement with Rheologically Active Surfactant Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Schob, Stefan; Weiß, Alexander; Dieckow, Julia; Richter, Cindy; Pirlich, M; Voigt, Peter; Surov, Alexey; Hoffmann, Karl‐Titus; Quaeschling, Ulf; Preuß, Matthias

doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00324

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…SP-C levels were reduced within the follow-up period to levels of hydrocephalus patients without hemorrhagic origin. As postulated previously, SP-C may be elevated downstream due to mechanical stress and consecutive increase of intracranial pressure ( 3 – 5 ). Of note, two patients with low SP-C concentrations at 5–10 days after primary intervention did not require shunt surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The more rheologically active SP-B and SP-C were observed in choroid plexus and ependymal cells of the brain and spinal canal, representing the major sites of CSF formation and the CSF-tissue interface. In parallel the opsonins SP-A and SP-D are found at the sites of the blood-brain and the blood-CSF barrier, respectively (3). Furthermore, the SPs are also present in significant concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (2,4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surfactant proteins (SPs) have been demonstrated to be inherent proteins of the CNS ( 1 – 3 ) and are expressed with different distribution patterns of SP-A and SP-D compared to SP-B and SP-C. The more rheologically active SP-B and SP-C were observed in choroid plexus and ependymal cells of the brain and spinal canal, representing the major sites of CSF formation and the CSF-tissue interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CSF Surfactant Protein Changes in Preterm Infants After Intraventricular Hemorrhage

et al. 2020

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Introduction: Surfactant proteins (SP) have been shown to be inherent proteins of the human CNS and are altered during acute and chronic disturbances of CSF circulation. Aim of the study was to examine the changes of surfactant protein concentrations in CSF of preterm babies suffering from intraventricular hemorrhage. Patients and Methods: Consecutive CSF samples of 21 preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHHC) were collected at primary intervention, after 5-10 days and at time of shunt insertion ∼50 days after hemorrhage. Samples were analyzed for surfactant proteins A, B, C, and G by ELISA assays and the results were compared to 35 hydrocephalus patients (HC) without hemorrhage and 6 newborn control patients. Results and Discussion: Premature patients with IVH showed a significant elevation of surfactant proteins SPA , C, and G compared to HC and control groups: mean values for the respective groups were SPA 4.19 vs. 1.08 vs. 0.38 ng/ml. Mean SP-C 3.63 vs. 1.47 vs. 0.48 ng/ml. Mean SP-G 3.86 vs. 0.17 vs. 0.2 ng/ml. SPA and G concentrations were slowly falling over time without reaching normal values. SP-C levels declined faster following neurosurgical interventions and reached levels comparable to those of hydrocephalus patients without hemorrhage. Conclusion: Intraventricular hemorrhages of premature infants cause posthemorrhagic CSF flow disturbance and are associated with highly significant elevations of surfactant proteins A, C, and G independent of total CSF protein concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CSF Surfactant Protein Changes in Preterm Infants After Intraventricular Hemorrhage

et al. 2020

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“…The pathological symptoms of hydrocephalus begin with ventricular dilation ( 20 ). Injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna resulted in disruption of CSF flow and an increase in ventricular size ( 21 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive microglia and mitochondrial unfolded protein response following ventriculomegaly and behavior defects in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus

Zhu

Lee

Chang

et al. 2022

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Ventriculomegaly induced by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leads to hydrocephalus, which is accompanied by neuroinflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress. The mitochondrial stress activates mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which is essential for mitochondrial protein homeostasis. However, the association of inflammatory response and UPRmt in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus is still unclear. To assess their relevance in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus, we established a kaolin-induced hydrocephalus model in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice and evaluated it over time. We found that kaolin-injected mice showed prominent ventricular dilation, motor behavior defects at the 3-day, followed by the activation of microglia and UPRmt in the motor cortex at the 5-day. In addition, PARP-1/NF-κB signaling and apoptotic cell death appeared at the 5-day. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that activation of microglia and UPRmt occurs after hydrocephalic ventricular expansion and behavioral abnormal-ities which could be lead to apoptotic neuronal cell death, providing a new perspective on the pathogenic mechanism of hydrocephalus.

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Elevated Surfactant Protein Levels and Increased Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging

et al. 2017

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Surfactant proteins (SPs) are a multifunctional group of proteins, responsible for the regulation of rheological properties of body fluids, host defense, and cellular waste clearance. Their concentrations are changed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suffering from communicating hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalic conditions are accompanied by altered CSF flow dynamics; however, the association of CSF-SP concentrations and CSF flow has not yet been investigated. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between SP concentrations in the CSF and marked CSF flow phenomena at different anatomical landmarks of CSF spaces. Sixty-one individuals (15 healthy subjects and 46 hydrocephalus patients) were included in this study. CSF specimens were analyzed for SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D concentrations by the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). CSF flow was evaluated in axial T2_turbo inversion recovery magnitude (TIRM)-weighted and sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sections using a 4-grade scale (1-no flow, 2-subtle flow, 3-moderate flow, and 4-strong flow). CSF-SP concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) of the overall collective were as follows: SP-A = 0.73 ± 0.58 ng/ml, SP-B = 0.17 ± 0.93 ng/ml, SP-C = 0.95 ± 0.75 ng/ml, and SP-D = 7.43 ± 5.17 ng/ml. The difference between healthy controls and hydrocephalic patients regarding CSF concentrations of SP-A (0.34 ± 0.22 vs. 0.81 ± 0.59 ng/ml) and SP-C (0.48 ± 0.29 vs. 1.10 ± 0.79 ng/ml) revealed to be statistically significant as calculated by means of ANOVA (p values of 0.022 and 0.007, respectively). CSF flow voids were detectable at all investigated landmarks of the CSF spaces (foramina of Monro, third ventricle, mesencephalic aqueduct, prepontine cistern, fourth ventricle, cisterna magna, and craniocervical junction). CSF flow voids, reported as mean ± standard deviation, revealed to be significantly increased in hydrocephalic patients compared to controls as calculated by means of ANOVA (respective p values are given in brackets following values of descriptive statistics) at the following sites: foramina of Monro (1.60 ± 0.91 vs. 2.37 ± 0.99, p = 0.01), fourth ventricle (1.67 ± 0.98 vs. 2.52 ± 1.05, p = 0.007), and the cisterna magna (1.93 ± 1.10 vs. 2.72 ± 1.13, p = 0.022). Spearman's rank order calculation identified significant correlations for CSF flow voids at the foramina of Monro and the third ventricle with SP-A (r = 0.429, p = 0.001 and r = 0.464, p < 0.001) and CSF flow void at the mesencephalic duct with SP-D (r = - 0.371, p = 0.039). Furthermore, SP-C showed a moderate inverse correlation with age (r = - 0.302, p = 0.022). The present study confirmed statistically significant differences in SP-CSF concentrations between healthy controls and hydrocephalic patients. Additionally, significant correlations between SP concentrations in CSF with increased CSF flow were identified. These findings underline the role of SPs as regulators of CSF rheology.

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Correlations of Ventricular Enlargement with Rheologically Active Surfactant Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

CSF Surfactant Protein Changes in Preterm Infants After Intraventricular Hemorrhage

CSF Surfactant Protein Changes in Preterm Infants After Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Reactive microglia and mitochondrial unfolded protein response following ventriculomegaly and behavior defects in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus

Elevated Surfactant Protein Levels and Increased Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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