Correspondence

Henderson, George; E., L.; S., S.; G., F.; A., P. J.; G., C.; R.,

doi:10.2307/20545542

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The gag gene of M-PMV encodes a Gag polyprotein of 78 kilodaltons (kd), Pr70gag, which is proteolytically cleaved by the viral protease to yield the six capsid proteins of mature virion (plO, ppl6-18, p12, p27, p14 and p4) (Bradac and Hunter, 1984;Henderson et al, 1985). Because it is in an analogous position to the matrix proteins of other retroviruses and is myristylated, plO has been designated the matrix protein of M-PMV (Bradac and Hunter, 1986b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acid substitutions within the matrix protein of type D retroviruses affect assembly, transport and membrane association of a capsid.

Rhee

Hunter

1991

The EMBO Journal

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The functional roles of the matrix (MA) protein in the assembly and maturation of retroviruses was investigated with a series of MA mutants of Mason‐Pfizer monkey virus (M‐PMV), an immunosuppressive type D retrovirus. The mutants we describe here were generated by the introduction of random point mutations within the MA coding domain by use of sodium bisulphite mutagenesis. Studies of these mutants show that the MA protein plays a critical role in three different, sequential events in the final stages of type D retrovirus replication: (i) folding of the gag gene‐encoded precursor poly‐proteins into a stable conformation for capsid assembly in the cytoplasm of infected cells; (ii) capsid transport from the site of assembly to the plasma membrane; and (iii) capsid association with, and extrusion of the membrane during virus budding. The mutants described here interfere with or block M‐PMV replication at each of these stages. Large numbers of preassembled capsids accumulate within the cytoplasm of transport‐defective mutant‐infected cells, suggesting that transport of M‐PMV capsids to the plasma membrane is an active and specific intracellular targeting process. The initial association of the capsid with the membrane may depend upon this intracytoplasmic transport process but additional protein‐lipid interactions that involve the MA protein are required for membrane extrusion around the preformed capsids; in cells infected with the budding‐defective mutant, assembled capsids accumulate under the inner surface of the cell plasma membrane, and are retarded in their release from the infected cell.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acid substitutions within the matrix protein of type D retroviruses affect assembly, transport and membrane association of a capsid.

Rhee

Hunter

1991

The EMBO Journal

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“…Thus Al 3+ tends to show 4-fold coordination (denoted (4) Al). With large additions of Al 2 O 3 there is the possibility of (5) Al and (6) Al formation.…”

Section: Structure Of Slagsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Materials Properties in High-temperature Processes

Mills

Guo

2014

ISIJ Int.

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In high temperature processes, physico-chemical properties of the phases involved have proved useful in identifying the mechanisms responsible for process problems and product defects. However, recently mathematical models have developed to the stage where they can now be used to identify these mechanisms. These models require reliable values for the thermo-physical properties for the various phases involved in the process. The thermo-physical properties of slags are very dependent upon slag structure. The factors affecting slag structure are outlined and the ways in which structural factors affect various physical properties are described. Finally, the manner in which the following properties (liquidus temperature; viscosity, surface and interfacial tension; thermal conductivity and enthalpy) can be manipulated to optimise process control and product quality is demonstrated for various industrial processes.

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“…Activities fell into two distinct groups with approximately 4070 having high activity ( I I '7-27'3 pmoVml per h) and the remainder low activity (0.49.5 pmoVml per h). This corresponded to the hydrolysis of 1~5 3 % and o.5-1oO/o milk triglyceride respectively in 2 h, which is the estimated transit time between duodenum and ileum (Henderson, 1942). If, however, milks from the low activity group were frozen and thawed or sonicated prior to assay, their activities increased to levels within the high activity group.…”

Section: Vol 38mentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstracts of Communications

1979

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Maternity Hospital, BirminghamIn the development of 'humanized' infant feeding formulae the quality of the protein component has been altered from the predominantly curd cow's milk type to the more balanced curd and whey combination of proteins. The effects of this on growth and general metabolism have recently been studied (Berger et al. 1979). However, the associated changes in the metabolism of amino acids as reflected in their plasma concentrations has not been reported.Fifty-five preterm or term light-fordates babies, birth weight I 750-2260 g, were studied. They were fed either a curd formula (based on SMA) or a curd and whey formula (based on Gold Cap SMA-2326; John Wyeth, Maidenhead, Berks.). Nitrogen balance studies were performed on a smaller group of these babies during the third week.Infants fed the curd and whey formula grew better over the period from day 7 to day 21. Plasma amino acid levels on day I I were generally higher in those babies fed the curd formula. From day I I to day 21 the levels fell so that by day 21 those differences which remained were only present in the preterm group. The plasma branched chain amino acid levels on day 2 1 correlated inversely with growth over the period of study, and also correlated inversely with nitrogen retention.It is probable that peripheral utilization of branched chain amino acids by muscle is an important determinant of their plasma levels. Those babies which grow faster utilize a greater proportion of available branched chain amino acid and therefore have lower plasma levels. Poorer growth and therefore poorer utilization results in loss of nitrogen as urinary urea. Indeed, urinary valine excretion correlated inversely with nitrogen retention. Lower levels of branched chain amino acids found in those infants who grew better may indicate some inadequacy of protein intake. The valine:glycine value is lower in the preterm curd and whey group on both days X I and 21, suggesting a poorer nutritional status.Plasma branched chain amino acid levels in low birth weight babies fed a curd whey protein formula are lower than in a similar group fed a predominantly curd protein formula. This is probably associated with their higher rate of growth and may indicate some dietary inadequacy of protein. . (1979). A r c h Dis.Childh. 54, 98. Vol. 38Meeting of 19 September 1979 99A Cell size and cell number: a reconsideration of organ growth and catch-up potential.

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Correspondence

Cited by 14 publications

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Amino acid substitutions within the matrix protein of type D retroviruses affect assembly, transport and membrane association of a capsid.

Amino acid substitutions within the matrix protein of type D retroviruses affect assembly, transport and membrane association of a capsid.

The Importance of Materials Properties in High-temperature Processes

Abstracts of Communications

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