“…For example, it has been shown that crane flies (shredder, Diptera: Tipulidae) require microbial conditioning of leaf surfaces for development and use gut bacteria to help break down ingested food (Klug & Kotarski 1980;Lawson & Klug 1989). While in terrestrial systems, the functional roles of microbes are widely documented (e.g., nitrogen fixation or cellulose degradation) (Alonso- Pernas et al, 2017;Alonso-Pernas et al, 2018;Ayayee et al, 2018;Gupta et al, 2012), in aquatic systems comparatively little research exists, but it is hypothesized that there are similar relationships (Ayayee et al, 2018). Although we chose not to examine individual functional pathways due to limitations of using gene amplicon data for this purpose in understudied systems (Langille 2018;Langille et al, 2013;Radivojac et al, 2013), we found that the internal bacterial functional diversity was distinctly different between species, with species explaining close to half (41%) of the variation present.…”