“…4 Due to its semiconductive and optical properties, ZnO lms with various dopants have found extensive use in optoelectronic applications. 5,6 Doped zinc oxide thin lms have been prepared using several techniques, including plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PMBE), spin coating, chemical vapor deposition, radio frequency sputtering, and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). [7][8][9][10][11] Among these methods, sputtering stands out as a promising approach, allowing the synthesis of doped ZnO nanoparticles in multiple layers, leading to polycrystalline lms with a hexagonal structure under specic experimental conditions.…”