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Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most harmful diseases of cucurbits. Modern commercial varieties of squash Cucurbita pepo L. var. giraumonas Duch and patisson C. pepo var. melopepo L. received powdery mildew resistance genes from wild species. The Pm-0 resistance gene belongs to the linkage group 10; two CAPS markers were developed for its mapping [15]. The main intragenic marker NBS_S9_1495924/HaeIII is localized in the NBS-LRR region, the additional marker S9_1539675/MspI shows complete co-segregation with resistance to PM [15]. In the present study, these markers were used for molecular screening of an experimental set of squash and patisson samples (differ in resistance to powdery mildew) from the VIR gene bank collection and perspective breeding lines of the Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station branch of VIR. In total, 80 samples were investigated. Samples, carrying fragments of both CAPS markers (17) and fragments of only one marker (31) were found. Presence of two markers of the Pm-0 gene (NBS_S9_1495924/HaeIII и S9_1539675/MspI) has the strong correlation with resistance to PM (r = 0.837). For three powdery mildew-resistant samples, which has demonstrated presence of both markers of the Pm-0 gene, additional analysis of individual plants was done. Resistant plants with Pm-0 gene markers were self-pollinated to create resistant lines. Thus, molecular screening allowed to preserve the valuable trait of resistance during maintaining of the squash collection samples.
Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most harmful diseases of cucurbits. Modern commercial varieties of squash Cucurbita pepo L. var. giraumonas Duch and patisson C. pepo var. melopepo L. received powdery mildew resistance genes from wild species. The Pm-0 resistance gene belongs to the linkage group 10; two CAPS markers were developed for its mapping [15]. The main intragenic marker NBS_S9_1495924/HaeIII is localized in the NBS-LRR region, the additional marker S9_1539675/MspI shows complete co-segregation with resistance to PM [15]. In the present study, these markers were used for molecular screening of an experimental set of squash and patisson samples (differ in resistance to powdery mildew) from the VIR gene bank collection and perspective breeding lines of the Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station branch of VIR. In total, 80 samples were investigated. Samples, carrying fragments of both CAPS markers (17) and fragments of only one marker (31) were found. Presence of two markers of the Pm-0 gene (NBS_S9_1495924/HaeIII и S9_1539675/MspI) has the strong correlation with resistance to PM (r = 0.837). For three powdery mildew-resistant samples, which has demonstrated presence of both markers of the Pm-0 gene, additional analysis of individual plants was done. Resistant plants with Pm-0 gene markers were self-pollinated to create resistant lines. Thus, molecular screening allowed to preserve the valuable trait of resistance during maintaining of the squash collection samples.
The environmental and biodiversity benefits of organic farming are widely recognized, but there is still controversy about the effects of organic production methods on the nutritional composition of food and human health. In the first part of this article therefore, we critically review the evidence that organic farming methods improve the nutritional quality of food crops. Moreover, we summarize our current understanding of how quality gains are linked to the implementation of the “innovations” introduced into conventional crop production during the intensification or “green revolution” of agriculture over the last 100 years. In the second part of the article, we critically review the evidence for the range of health benefits related to organic food consumption. Specifically, we describe and discuss the results from: (i) dietary intervention studies which have found that organic food consumption substantially reduces pesticide exposure in humans and affects feed intake, growth, hormone balances and immune system responsiveness in animal models; (ii) human cohort/epidemiological studies which have reported significant positive associations between organic food consumption and the lower incidence of a range of diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, cancer, hypospadias, pre-eclampsia, eczema and middle ear infections in infants; (iii) interactions and trade-offs between diet (e.g., whole-grain, fruit and vegetables and reduced red-meat consumption) and food types (organic versus conventional) concerning public health and future food security. The article also identifies knowledge gaps and highlights the need for (i) long-term, factorial field experiments to understand the relative effects of agronomic and pedoclimatic drivers on crop quality and safety, and (ii) clinical trials and additional human cohort studies to confirm the positive health outcomes linked to organic food consumption. The main conclusions from our review are that there is growing evidence that (i) agricultural intensification has resulted in a reduction in the nutritional quality of food and the sustainability of food production, and (ii) organic farming practices not only improve food quality and human health, but also food security. This is particularly true where current nutritional guidelines (increasing whole-grain, fruit and vegetable products, while reducing red-meat consumption) are implemented.
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