Corrosion degradation of archaeological lead: A review and case study

Towarek, Aleksandra; Mistewicz, Anna; Pietrusińska, Elżbieta Pilecka -; Zdunek, Joanna; Mizera, Jarosław

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103611

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The mineralisation of lead into lead sulphides and sulphates is another proof of the occurrence of anaerobic conditions [ 15 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iron-based metals follow different paths for the formation of corrosion products [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Several corrosion products and processes have been observed in lead-based metals, whose development is influenced by environmental conditions [ 15 ]. The analysis of the corrosion products or of the survived metals involves the use of several techniques with a multidisciplinary approach to extract the maximum information available, draw a picture of the conservation state of the object and understand the processes which took place [ 6 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Insight on Archaeological Metal Finds, Nails and Lead Sheathings of the Punic Ship from Battle of the Egadi Islands

et al. 2023

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The wreck of the Punic ship exhibited at the Archaeological Park of Lilybaeum (Marsala, Italy) is a unique example in the world. In this paper, the investigation of some metal finds (30 nails and 3 fragments of sheathings) belonging to the wreck of the Punic ship is reported. Portable X-ray fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy allowed us to identify the elements and compounds constituting them and make some deductions about their composition. X-ray diffractometry, polarised optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the collected micro-samples allowed us to explain the degradation that occurred in the underwater environment.

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“…The mineralisation of lead into lead sulphides and sulphates is another proof of the occurrence of anaerobic conditions [ 15 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insight on Archaeological Metal Finds, Nails and Lead Sheathings of the Punic Ship from Battle of the Egadi Islands

et al. 2023

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“…The fact that lead has no solid solubility in copper and copper-based alloys should also be considered. When lead in a bronze alloy makes up more than a few percent of its weight, it appears as a dispersion of particles throughout the metal, and the number of these particles, known as globules, grows as the lead quantity increases [37][38][39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fontanamare Discovery (Sardinia Coast, Italy), a Case of Underwater Corrosion of Bronze Coins

Susanna²,

Russa

et al. 2023

Minerals

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This study reports the analytical approach towards nine coins found in wreck A of Fontanamare for understanding the complex corrosion processes that take place in underwater conditions. Optical microscopy (OM) combined with micro-Raman (µ-Raman) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM and EDS) were used to analyze the nature and the microstructure of the corrosion patina in comparison with the non-degraded state of coins. Three main types of corrosion patina based on copper, lead chloride, and carbonate were identified: black, white, and green, and the obtained results demonstrate the complex corrosion processes that take place in underwater conditions. To better understand the role played by different chemical and physical parameters in the corrosion of bronze artefacts in an underwater environment, this study attempts to understand the nature of the patinas on the coins in relation to the specific structural and environmental parameter variation.

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“…Here below, we have compiled a list of the key corrosion features for PP spines and spine/PAM interfaces, based on the discussion of OM and SEM images published in [18,25,30,33,36,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. This list has been enriched also with references concerning the corrosion of Pb and Pb alloys in other fields [46]. We employ these categories to comment the SEM micrographs presented in section 3.1.…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-destructive analysis of Pb-acid battery positive plates, based on neutron tomography

Bozzini,

Cazzanti,

Hippoliti

et al. 2023

J. Phys. Energy

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Notwithstanding the in-depth understanding of lead-acid battery degradation processes developed in a time-honored field of science, there is still wide scope for knowledge-based technological advancements, in particular, targeting positive plate (PP) durability. Non-destructive imaging of the internal morphology, structure and chemistry of these components, enabled by neutron-based methods, is capable of disclosing otherwise inaccessible observables, that can form the factual basis for new pathways to device improvement. In this study, we propose a post mortem investigation of as-formed and electrochemically aged PPs, centered on neutron tomography and complemented by x-ray radiography and scanning-electron microscopy. These complementary imaging methods, thriving on different contrast mechanisms, allow 2D/3D position-sensitive morphological analyses of the nature and evolution of the positive active material (PAM) and of the spines of the PP, including: morphology variation, crack location, porosity distribution and identification of hydrogenated compounds. Specifically, in this work, we have pinpointed the differences in degradation modes—resulting from the application of a standard ageing protocol—of PPs fabricated in two technologically alternative ways: punching and gravity-casting, showing the superiority of the formed in terms of electrode stability upon charging abuse conditions.

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Corrosion degradation of archaeological lead: A review and case study

Cited by 6 publications

References 57 publications

New Insight on Archaeological Metal Finds, Nails and Lead Sheathings of the Punic Ship from Battle of the Egadi Islands

New Insight on Archaeological Metal Finds, Nails and Lead Sheathings of the Punic Ship from Battle of the Egadi Islands

The Fontanamare Discovery (Sardinia Coast, Italy), a Case of Underwater Corrosion of Bronze Coins

Non-destructive analysis of Pb-acid battery positive plates, based on neutron tomography

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