Corrosion of brass in natural and artificial seawater under anaerobic conditions

Bastos, M. C.; Mendonça, M.H.; Neto, M. M. M.; Rocha, M.M.; Proença, Luís; Fonseca, I.

doi:10.1007/s10800-008-9481-y

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…3) may be a result of the surface composition: blue is possibly copper hydroxide and chlorides (posnjakite); green is usually related to copper sulphates (atacamite, paratacamite, brochantite) and/or with basic copper chlorides; turquoise colour may be related to the presence of namuwite and/or to hydrous copper chlorosulphate (connellite); white is most likely related to zinc compounds, e.g. zinc oxide/hydroxide and zinc chloride; the gold-yellowish colour is attributed to CuCl 2 (tolbacite); pink may be attributed to zinc hydroxichloride; and the reddish colour is due to cuprite [11,[35][36][37][38][39]. The XRD results of the sheet's surface revealed presence of metallic brass as well as different oxides, including cuprite, namuwite, connellite and hydrated zinc chlorosulphate (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of naturally etched surface of brass sheathing from a nineteenth-century shipwreck

Ashkenazi

Inberg

Cvikel

2018

J min metall B Metall

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The Akko Tower Wreck is ently the remains of a 25-m-long merchant brig, dated to the first half of the nineteenth century. During the 2015 underwater excavation, a piece of brass sheet was retrieved from the shipwreck and its surface and bulk were examined by metallurgical analyses. The examinations revealed a unique example of almost two hundred years' natural etching, which took place in the sea underwater environment. The surface of the sheet was covered with different copper and zinc oxides, which were identified by XRD analysis. Observation of the naturally etched surface with multi-focal light microscopy and SEM-EDS analysis indicated a microstructure of annealed brass, similar to that of its bulk. S-OES chemical analysis of the bulk revealed a composition of 65.0 wt% Cu, 34.4 wt% Zn and 0.6 wt% Pb. Based on the thickness of the sheet and its good state of preservation, it is suggested that it was used as sheathing to protect the hull against marine organisms, and to improve the sailing qualities of the ship. The results provide further information about the Akko Tower shipwreck; and expand our knowledge regarding the corrosion processes and preservation of brass during a long burial period in marine environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of naturally etched surface of brass sheathing from a nineteenth-century shipwreck

Ashkenazi

Inberg

Cvikel

2018

J min metall B Metall

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“…With the increase of corrosion rate, tin was also corroded and dissolved. Thus, only the residual copper corrosion products (oxides and chlorides of copper) were detected in region D. The elemental analysis of J, E, and F areas suggested that the corrosion of the cross-section diffused from the surface to the interior along the grain boundaries [32].…”

Section: The Determination Of Brassmentioning

confidence: 96%

Brass products in the coronet excavated from an M2-numbered Sui-Tang-dynasty tomb situated in Kun Lun Company in Xi'an, Shaanxi

Shao

Jiang

et al. 2021

Herit Sci

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Ancient Chinese brass smelting technology has promoted the invention of zinc smelting, thus becoming an important part of the metallurgical history. However, the information concerning its origin and development is still controversial. In that regard, thorough analysis of composition and structure of the early brass is crucial for studying various stages of the ancient brass smelting technology history. This study aimed to investigate brass artifacts from Kunlun M2 tomb in Xi'an, Shaanxi, dating back during Sui to early Tang Dynasty (581–712 AD). The composition and metallographic characterization of the materials was performed using XRF, SEM–EDS and metallographic analysis. According to the results, brass was composed of 83 wt% of copper, 12 wt% of zinc, and 3 wt% of tin. Furthermore, its microstructure consisted of α-isometric single crystals with some slip lines and a few twinned grains. This indicated that brass was obtained by melting an appropriate mixture of zinc ores and copper ores at a temperature above 920 °C. Furthermore, brass support components were installed on the coronet after integral hot forging and partial cold shaping. Besides, the use of brass in the coronet was in conformity with the social hierarchy of that historical period, and also reflected the attention paid to the properties of materials.

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“…2f. Therefore, the elemental analysis of J, E, and F areas suggested that the corrosion of the cross-section diffused from the surface to the interior along the grain boundaries [39] .…”

Section: The Determination Of Brassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brass products in the coronet excavated from a M2-numbered Sui-Tang-dynasty tomb situated in Kun Lun Company in Xi'an, Shaanxi

Shao

Jiang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this study, the brass wires in the coronet excavated from M2 tomb in Xi'an, Shaanxi, dating back to Sui-Tang-dynasty were probed via portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) techniques. The wires were found to be composed of 83 wt% of copper, 12 wt% of zinc, and 3 wt% of tin. According to the metallographic analysis, the wires were formed by integral hot forging, and were then installed on the coronet after surface cold shaping, via cutting and hammering during the production of the support parts. It indicated that the composition of brass was evenly distributed without obvious composition segregation, revealing the features of the second stage of brass smelting in ancient China, which may prove brass had appeared and brass smelting technology had been mastered in the Sui-Tang-dynasty in the Central Plains of China. In addition, the use of brass in the coronet was in accorded with the hierarchical symbol given to the material by the feudal society. And the selection of brass was based on the dual combination of the excellent mechanical properties and the golden surface of brass. Thus, brass in the Sui-Tang-dynasty historical period was the tangible evidence of the development level of metallurgical technology, and also reflected the artistic and social attributes given to materials by different stages of social development.

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Corrosion of brass in natural and artificial seawater under anaerobic conditions

Cited by 21 publications

References 16 publications

Analysis of naturally etched surface of brass sheathing from a nineteenth-century shipwreck

Analysis of naturally etched surface of brass sheathing from a nineteenth-century shipwreck

Brass products in the coronet excavated from an M2-numbered Sui-Tang-dynasty tomb situated in Kun Lun Company in Xi'an, Shaanxi

Brass products in the coronet excavated from a M2-numbered Sui-Tang-dynasty tomb situated in Kun Lun Company in Xi'an, Shaanxi

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