Corrosion of novel reactive silver ink and commercial silver-based metallizations in diluted acetic acid

Jeffries, April; Nietzold, Tara; Schelhas, Laura T.; Bertoni, Mariana I.

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110900

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Jeffries et al studied the corrosion mechanisms of RSI metallization in encapsulated modules using damp-heat testing. 20 The RSI performed comparably to other Ag-based metallizations. Interestingly, residual silver acetate in the RSI films protected the silver against corrosive encapsulant byproducts and led to decreased silver consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Their work showed how a puckering phenomenon could result in poor adhesion and how adjusting processing parameters like ink dilution, droplet diameter, and the number of passes could result in excellent adhesion. Jeffries et al studied the corrosion mechanisms of RSI metallization in encapsulated modules using damp-heat testing . The RSI performed comparably to other Ag-based metallizations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Reactive Silver Ink Formula for Reduced Silver Consumption in Silicon Heterojunction Metallization

DiGregorio

Martinez-Szewczyk

Raikar

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Silver is the most expensive non-silicon component in photovoltaic cells. This is particularly salient for silicon heterojunction (SHJ) cells, which rely on large quantities of low-temperature silver pastes (LT-SP). SHJ cells would benefit greatly from an industrially scalable metallization process that simultaneously offers low silver consumption, low finger resistivities (<20 μΩ·cm), and low processing temperatures. Printed reactive silver inks (RSI) are an innovative candidate to this end. This work furthers the research on RSI metallization by investigating the impact of ink formula on properties pertinent to SHJ cells, including electrical properties, line width, ink splatter, silver consumption, cell performance, and adhesion. We introduce a scalable, high-throughput flexible needle contact printing approach for metallization that solves many of the issues associated with drop-on-demand printing. The printed silver fingers are characterized using electrical measurements and top-down and cross-sectional microscopy. The best performing ink, consisting of silver acetate, ethylamine, and formic acid, achieved silver fingers with total resistivities of 3.1 μΩ·cm and contact resistivities of 3.2 mΩ·cm2 when printed at 61 °C. This ink metallized a full-sized 156 mm × 156 mm SHJ cell. This is the first reported data for RSI metallization of a full-sized SHJ cell and shows how an optimized RSI can achieve similar performances to LT-SP while consuming 80–90% less silver.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Reactive Silver Ink Formula for Reduced Silver Consumption in Silicon Heterojunction Metallization

DiGregorio

Martinez-Szewczyk

Raikar

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…This ink is Walker's original formula 35 and has been thoroughly tested for photovoltaic metallization applications through our previous publications. [32][33][34]36,38 The second RSI formula, referred to as ethylamine ink, was discussed in our prior publication, 34 and contains 0.66 g of silver acetate, 7.84 mL of ethylamine, and 0.15 mL of formic acid. For both formulas, ink synthesis began by weighing the silver acetate using an analytical balance and adding it to a plastic test tube.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive silver inks: a path to solar cells with 82% less silver

Martinez-Szewczyk,

DiGregorio,

Hildreth

et al. 2024

Energy Environ. Sci.

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“…Also, effects of acetic loads on metallic cell materials have been analyzed, as e.g. on silver-ink and silver-based metallization in PV modules [147].…”

Section: Corrosion Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated aging tests vs field performance of PV modules

Weiß

Klimm²,

Kaaya

2022

Prog. Energy

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The market for Photovoltaic systems has experienced an enormous growth worldwide and will further grow over the coming decades. Investments in Photovoltaics became an important financial product with the special feature of very long contract durations. Typically operation of over 20 years is expected, during which generation of electricity and revenues are expected. Due to these long operational times, quality, durability, reliability, and degradation rates become crucial for the investment. PV modules are the dominating components in this regard since they prevail the investment. Accelerated ageing tests are in general used to ensure the quality of photovoltaic components. These tests are partly standardized, for PV mainly by IEC and are used for type approval or safety testing. Accelerated ageing tests are also adapted to specific needs and e g used for Quality Assurance (QA) of manufacturers or Service Life Prediction (SLP) by manufacturers or research institutes. All the efforts are taken to gain knowledge about the behaviour of PV modules in operation and thus the accelerated tests have to be related to normal operation. Since PV is used around the globe, the conditions vary significantly depending on the location of installation. In addition, the installation has severe influence on the operational conditions of PV modules. The papers attempt is to give an overview on the state of the art of accelerated testing and field performance analysis of PV modules with focus on developments over the last five to ten years. Developments are described and the status is analysed regarding the significance of tests including the latest developments and open scientific gaps related to the envisaged correlation of accelerated tests with field performance. The reader is enabled to differenciate between reliability testing and service life prediction. The understanding for a comprehensive approach of reliability testing including field evaluation data is develope

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Corrosion of novel reactive silver ink and commercial silver-based metallizations in diluted acetic acid

Cited by 15 publications

References 31 publications

Investigation of Reactive Silver Ink Formula for Reduced Silver Consumption in Silicon Heterojunction Metallization

Investigation of Reactive Silver Ink Formula for Reduced Silver Consumption in Silicon Heterojunction Metallization

Reactive silver inks: a path to solar cells with 82% less silver

Accelerated aging tests vs field performance of PV modules

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