Corrosion Performance and Application Limits of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys in Oilfield Service

Miyasaka, Akihiro; Ogawa, Hiroyuki

doi:10.5006/1.3294367

Cited by 4 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Cracks initiated at pits and propagated by connecting pits at low H 2 S level. [1,118] At a higher H 2 S level, SCC cracks initiated directly at the metal surface without pitting. [1,25,119] Two grades of super duplex stainless steels S32750 (25Cr, 7Ni) were resistant to SCC at 90°C and 232°C.…”

Section: Summary Of Bending Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,118] At a higher H 2 S level, SCC cracks initiated directly at the metal surface without pitting. [1,25,119] Two grades of super duplex stainless steels S32750 (25Cr, 7Ni) were resistant to SCC at 90°C and 232°C. [103] 13Cr martensitic stainless steel stressed over 0.9 yield strength revealed cracking after immersion at 0.01-0.1 bar pH 2 S at 160°C.…”

Section: Summary Of Bending Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4] All slow strain rate testing (SSRT) diagrams (Figures 1-5) show the two most important factors that control the aggressiveness of the sour gas environment, mainly the H 2 S partial pressure and temperature. [1,6,25] It was shown that the effect of temperature can sometimes be unexpectable and besides the typical passive film rapture concept, it might be necessary to examine the temperature dependence of solutions and surface reactions that can be influenced by the presence of H 2 S. [34] 3 | CONSTANT STRAIN TESTING 3.1 | U-bend sample…”

Section: Ni-based Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 3, the critical H 2 S partial pressure was approximately 0.3 bar at 150-250°C, the elongation ratio was decreased remarkably beyond this value. [1,25,33,100,101] Evaluation of pH parameter has indicated the susceptibility of 22Cr material to SCC at pH 3.5 with a ratio of area reduction equal to 0.7, meantime at pH 4.5 the material was resistant to cracking. [14,35] In fact, a small change in pH and chloride ion concentration can notably improve the resistance to cracking for a given H 2 S pressure.…”

Section: Duplex Stainless Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is due to the higher contents of chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen to these grades (PREN > 40). [1,6,23,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Duplex stainless steels have a composition of Cr-Ni-Mo-N, their relatively high chromium level may vary between 21% and 25%, while the level of nickel varies between 1% and 7%. [3,6,9,33,34] The combination of high corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties of duplex stainless steels can be explained by their chemical composition and balanced "duplex" microstructure of ferrite and austenite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐temperature high‐pressure SCC testing of corrosion‐resistant alloys

Galakhova

Mori

Prattes

2021

Materials & Corrosion

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Stress corrosion cracking test methods of corrosion-resistant alloys are reviewed. The interest to write a review on this topic was drawn by demands for oil country tubular goods applicable in deep wells with high pressures, high temperatures, and the presence of H 2 S, where stress corrosion cracking is one of the most critical failure modes. All conventional methods for determining the stress corrosion cracking resistance of an alloy, mainly slow strain rate testing, constant load testing (tensile, 4-PB), constant strain testing (U-bend, C-ring), and fracture mechanics (double cantilever beam sample) are covered. Considering the variety of testing solutions, the field of search is narrowed to hot (up to 250°C) aqueous chloride solutions with dissolved H 2 S and CO 2 gases under high pressure (up to 200 bar total pressure).

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Section: Summary Of Bending Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary Of Bending Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ni-based Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Duplex Stainless Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐temperature high‐pressure SCC testing of corrosion‐resistant alloys

Galakhova

Mori

Prattes

2021

Materials & Corrosion

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Corrosion-resistant alloy testing and selection for oil and gas production

Sridhar¹,

Thodla²,

Gui³

et al. 2017

Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology

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Corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) are employed in severe oil and gas production environments that operate at high pressures and temperatures and contain chlorides, CO 2 , and H 2 S. They exhibit high resistance to uniform corrosion in these environments due to their passivity. However, they can suffer from different forms of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), depending on the environmental and metallurgical conditions. This paper reviews the recent literature of EAC in CRAs and presents an overall framework for evaluating the SCC based on electrochemical modelling of corrosion and repassivation potentials for localised corrosion. The modelling is supported by experimental data on crack growth as a function of environmental variables, alloy content, and potential.

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Dissolution and Repassivation Kinetics of a 12.3Cr-2.6Mo-6.5Ni Super Martensitic Stainless Steel

Enerhaug

Steinsmo

Grong

et al. 2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this investigation, the dissolution and repassivation kinetics of a super martensitic ͑SM͒ stainless steel ͑Fe-12.3Cr-6.5Ni-2.6Mo͒ have been characterized using the artificial pit technique. As a part of this study, a diffusion model has been developed and employed for calculation of the pit surface concentration of dissolved species during the potential step experiments. For concentrations close to the saturation level, the dissolution kinetics are adequately described by a Tafel slope of approximately 57 mV/dec and a current density of 0.5 mA/cm 2 at Ϫ300 mV vs. saturated calomel electrode. However, repassivation of the active pit surface occurs when the concentration of the dissolved species drops below 30% of the saturation value. Based on a comparison with relevant literature data, the observed response of the SM stainless steel to localized corrosion is similar to that reported for other high alloyed steels. This result is expected if the dissolution and repassivation kinetics are controlled by the content of Cr, Ni, and Mo in the parent material.Martensitic stainless steel pipes of the 13Cr-4Ni type have been used successfully in the oil industry as Oil Country Tubular Goods material since the 1970s. 1 Later, modified or what are known as super martensitic ͑SM͒ stainless steels with improved weldability and corrosion resistance were developed. These grades are now in commercial use, including use as pipelines. 2-6 Although localized pitting corrosion is observed in most stainless steels, the problem is particularly prominent in SM stainless steel pipes that are employed as flow lines transporting corrosive well stream with H 2 S. Since the main emphasis in the past has been on ''fit for purpose'' testing and qualification of the material for use offshore, 6 a more fundamental understanding of the underlying corrosion mechanisms is lacking. 7 Specifically, there is a need to clarify the dissolution and repassivation kinetics of SM stainless steels and compare the results with those reported for other classes of stainless steel under similar experimental conditions. [8][9][10][11] When a stainless steel is exposed to an electrolyte containing aggressive chloride anions, the passive oxide layer is undermined. Chloride ions penetrate the oxide layer at specific points on the surface and increase the rate at which metal dissolves by the reaction Me → Me nϩ ϩ ne. 8 Generally, the process is distinguished between the initiation stage, involving the breakdown of the passive film and the development of an aggressive solution, and the growth stage, where stable pit growth occurs when the pitting potential E pit is reached. 12,13 During pitting corrosion the anodic dissolution creates a flow of electrons ͑current͒ from the pit surface ͑anode͒ to the surrounding passive metal surface ͑cathode͒. As metal cations are dissolved in the adjacent electrolyte, chloride anions migrate from the bulk solution toward the pit to maintain electric neutrality in the solution. A hydrolysis reaction of the metal ions lowers the ...

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Corrosion Performance and Application Limits of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys in Oilfield Service

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

High‐temperature high‐pressure SCC testing of corrosion‐resistant alloys

High‐temperature high‐pressure SCC testing of corrosion‐resistant alloys

Corrosion-resistant alloy testing and selection for oil and gas production

Dissolution and Repassivation Kinetics of a 12.3Cr-2.6Mo-6.5Ni Super Martensitic Stainless Steel

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