The phosphonic acid (PA) surface treatment on various
metal substrates
is of high industrial relevance, and the PA molecular structure significantly
affects its quality. In this work, systematic variation of the PA
molecular steric and electron environment helps discern two steady-state
adsorption modes on an aluminum surface. The PA molecular structure
was varied systematically, which included inorganic phosphorus acid,
alkyl phosphonic acids, and phenyl phosphonic acids. To explore their
in situ dynamics of adsorption/desorption on the electrochemically
unstable aluminum, techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry were
employed. A range of different types of interfacial layers are formed
on the aluminum surface, namely, from the dissolution-limiting physisorbed
layer to a quasi-inhibiting chemisorbed layer on the aluminum surface
in acidic (pH ≈ 2.2) solution. Presented findings establish
the dynamic steady-state nature of this type of interface. They reveal
fundamental relationships among adsorbent steric or electronic effects,
the steady-state interface morphology, and the steady-state aluminum
dissolution rate. The study brings also a more differentiated molecular
structure-related description of the aluminum dissolution inhibition
of PAs and relates it to molecular density functional theory calculations.