Corrosion rate of carbon steel in carbonated concrete – A critical review

Stefanoni, Matteo; Angst, Ueli; Elsener, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.007

Cited by 214 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 66 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These cases are vital to various fields of science and technology such as civil and subsurface engineering, radioactive waste storage, oil and gas, or archaeology, where ultimately the quantification and control of the rate at which the corrosion processes occur is fundamental. Fig 1 shows that this electrochemical dissolution rate is strongly dependent on both the porosity and the moisture conditions of the porous medium surrounding the steel 9,10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative route to understand the effect of the degree of pore saturation on the corrosion rate can be found in an area-effect at the metal surface. The underlying idea is that the degree of pore saturation influences the fraction of steel surface area in contact with water-filled pores, and thus determines the fraction of steel area taking part in the electrochemical dissolution process 9,10 . Interestingly, already in the 1950s, Romanoff, in the conclusions of an extensive report describing a 17 years long study on corrosion of steel in soil 7 , stated: "(…) it appears that not enough attention was given to the amount of moisture at the [steel] surface (…) Water now appears to be important by itself, aside from its effects on the availability of atmospheric oxygen".…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Kinetics of electrochemical dissolution of metals in porous media

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metals embedded in porous media interact electrochemically with the liquid phase contained in the pores. A widespread form of this, adversely affecting the integrity of engineered structures, is corrosion of steel in porous media or in natural environments. While it is well-documented that the rate of this electrochemical dissolution process can vary over several orders of magnitude, understanding the underlying mechanisms remains a critical challenge hampering the development of reliable predictive models. Here we study the electrochemical dissolution kinetics of steel in meso-to-macro-porous media, using cement-based materials, wood, and artificial soil as model systems. Our results reveal the dual role of the pore structure, that is, the influence on the electrochemical behavior through transport limitations and an area-effect, which is ultimately due to microscopic inhomogeneity of the metal-porous material interface. We rationalize the observations with the theory of capillary condensation and propose a material-independent model to predict the corrosion rate.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of electrochemical dissolution of metals in porous media

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although carried out until high anodic polarizations, these studies were always performed in the region of water stability. None of the samples of both studied lean duplex-when they were previously exposed to HH and HH-PC In Figure 7, it can be seen that S32304 stainless steel always kept its average i corr inside the range of values typical of passive steel [42,43]. The PI-PC condition was confirmed to be the most aggressive one, and one of the three bars tested in this condition, at three different times during the testing period, had i corr approaching or slightly surpassing the 0.1 µA/cm 2 limit.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Influence of the Alkaline Reserve of Chloride-Contaminated Mortars on the 6-Year Corrosion Behavior of Corrugated UNS S32304 and S32001 Stainless Steels

Bautista

Velasco

Torres-Carrasco

2019

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The durability of two lean corrugated duplex stainless steel (UNS S32304 and S32001) bars manufactured for concrete reinforcement was studied in four different corrosive conditions. These duplex stainless steels are more economical than the most traditional, well-known duplex grade steels (UNS S32205). The research was carried out in mortar samples for six years. In half of the samples, the alkaline reserve had been previously decreased, and their pH was slightly below 12, while in the other half, the pH close to the bars remained as-manufactured. Moreover, there were samples with modified and non-modified alkaline reserve where chlorides had been previously added to the mortar which were exposed to high relative humidity. In other samples—which were partially immersed in 3.5% NaCl—the chlorides entered through the mortar by natural diffusion. The electrochemical behavior of the reinforcements in these conditions was periodically monitored through corrosion potential (Ecorr) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements during the whole testing period. The samples were anodically polarized at the end of the exposure. The results prove that the decrease in the alkaline reserve of the mortars can affect the corrosion behavior of the studied lean duplex in environments with high chloride concentrations. The duplex microstructure of the reinforcements makes it so that the corrosion proceeds by selective attack of the phases.

show abstract

“…Little attention is paid in the literature to the Tafel coefficients related to carbonation‐induced corrosion even though such corrosion affects most concrete structures. A much more prominent effort has been dedicated to the corrosion rate estimation . With a view to predicting the corrosion propagation in reinforced concrete structures, advanced modeling has recently been developed, based on Butler–Volmer equations and considering boundary conditions on both passive and active steel .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent critical review on corrosion rate in carbonated concrete, Stefanoni et al identified systematic data collection as being one of the upcoming research needs. Such recording of electrical resistivity, corrosion potential and corrosion rate of the steel, and also oxygen diffusion and consumption rate, together with concrete properties like porosity, would allow the mechanism of steel corrosion (another very notable research need) to be studied with more insight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Tafel coefficients according to passive/active state of steel carbonation‐induced corrosion in concrete

Duprat

Larrard

2019

Materials & Corrosion

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Statistical quantification of Tafel coefficients is investigated in this study for isolated steel rebar embedded in concrete. The survey is supported by a wide experimental campaign carried out earlier to characterize the passive and active states of carbonation‐induced corrosion of steel. Electrochemical measurements (polarization resistance, corrosion potential, Tafel coefficients) and gravimetric estimations of iron loss were regularly conducted over 417 days on 108 concrete specimens. The statistical analysis reveals that the mean value of Tafel coefficients, both cathodic and anodic, is higher under active corrosion, which seems to contradict the general tendency found for chloride‐induced corrosion, while their coefficient of variation is smaller. The statistical inference was based on the first step of distributions fitting the experimental data and then on the second step of goodness‐of‐fit tests. The most suitable of the distributions proposed were the Burr, Rayleigh, and Gamma distributions. A similar analysis was made for the corrosion potential and polarization resistance. The findings of the study will be valuable for probabilistic approaches to corrosion where probabilistic distributions are required.

show abstract

Corrosion rate of carbon steel in carbonated concrete – A critical review

Cited by 214 publications

References 66 publications

Kinetics of electrochemical dissolution of metals in porous media

Kinetics of electrochemical dissolution of metals in porous media

Influence of the Alkaline Reserve of Chloride-Contaminated Mortars on the 6-Year Corrosion Behavior of Corrugated UNS S32304 and S32001 Stainless Steels

Quantification of Tafel coefficients according to passive/active state of steel carbonation‐induced corrosion in concrete

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About