Corrosion resistance of HR3C to a carbonate molten salt for energy storage applications in CSP plants

Miguel, María Teresa de; Encinas-Sánchez, V.; Lasanta, María Isabel; García-Martín, Gustavo; Pérez, F.J.

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.08.014

Cited by 72 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It was shown that the external scale was made of iron–chromium spinel, (FeCr 2 O 4 ) and sodium ferrite, (NaFeO 2 ). [ 15–18 ] As established above, the presence of Cr on the external scale was minimum, and in some research studies, it was found that an increase in the Cr contents and in the immersion time accelerates the dissolution of this element. [ 14 ] Similarly, the presence of Na and very little Cr is evident at the outer scales formed on the corrosion products of the different high‐Ni, high‐Cr alloys, as shown in Figures 10–12, indicating that this layer can be formed by the inward diffusion of Na and outward Cr dissolution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Corrosion behavior of UCX, KHR35, and KHR45 alloys in molten nitrates

Brito‐Hernandez

López-Sesenes

Haro

et al. 2020

Materials & Corrosion

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The corrosion behavior of three high-Ni, high-Cr alloys, that is, UCX, KHR35, and KHR45 alloys, in a mixture of 60% NaNO 3-40% KNO 3 at 600°C has been evaluated by using weight loss tests, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Cr contents ranged between 23.25 and 43.2 wt.%, whereas Ni ranged between 36.6 and 50.3 wt.%. For comparison, the same studies were performed on 304-type stainless steel (304SS). Tests were complemented with detailed scanning electronic microscope and X-ray diffraction studies. Results showed that that the three high-Ni, high-Cr alloys had lower weight loss than that for 304SS. Polarization tests indicated the formation of a passive layer in all cases. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data have shown that the corrosion mechanism for all the alloys was charge transfer from the alloy to the molten salt. Finally, X-ray patterns showed the presence of Cr 2 O 3 in all tested alloys, which is responsible for the observed passive behavior and their corrosion resistance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Corrosion behavior of UCX, KHR35, and KHR45 alloys in molten nitrates

Brito‐Hernandez

López-Sesenes

Haro

et al. 2020

Materials & Corrosion

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“…Additionally, Ren et al [26] and Olivares et al [27] proposed replacing molten nitrate salts with mixed carbonate salts since their corrosion-reducing ability could further increase operation temperatures to between 700 °C and 850 °C. Research by de Miguel et al [25] investigated corrosion behavior of an austenitic steel HR3C in a eutectic ternary carbonate molten salt mixture (Na2CO3/K2CO3/Li2CO3) through an isothermal immersion test at 700 °C for 2000 hrs. A microstructural and compositional study was performed using SEM -EDX and XRD analysis where they observed corrosion products arranged in a multilayer structure, with LiFeO2, LiCrO2, NiO and FeCr2O4 being the main compounds in different layers (from molten salt to the unaffected substrate interface).…”

Section: Chloride Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The weight loss observed through gravimetric analysis was attributed to soluble chromates initially formed (K2CrO4). Despite this weight loss the utility of carbonate steels in CSP applications still appears promising, however further research over longer time periods at high temperatures (about 700 °C) is still required to ensure compatibility of carbonate salts that the HR3C steels [25], as well as other CSP materials.…”

Section: Chloride Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing Molten Salts and Fuels at Sandia National Laboratories

Rodríguez

2017

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SAND2017-10478R SNL has a combination of experimental facilities, nuclear engineering, nuclear security, severe nuclear accidents, and nuclear safeguards expertise that can enable significant progress towards molten salts and fuels for Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs). The following areas and opportunities are discussed in more detail in this white paper.  Molten salt experiments-molten salt test loop (MSTL). This section includes a detailed discussion of molten salts applicable for MSR and solar applications. The emphasis is operation, chemistry, corrosion, and instrumentation. A description of MSTL, its capabilities, and level of effort required to restart the facility is presented, as well as innovative, potential upgrades for fluoride and chloride experiments, loop sectioning for multiple experiments, and fission surrogates. MSTL restart is estimated conservatively to cost 1/10 th the value of building a new facility. Furthermore, its large-scale operating regime continues to lead the industry.  Safety. MELCOR can already model several types of advanced reactors, including VHTRs, water-cooled SMRs, and sodium-cooled reactors. Current MSR capabilities in MELCOR are discussed. This investigation identified several useful MSR capabilities that are straightforward to implement. For the longer term, advanced MSR models and safety issues are identified.  Safeguards. An FY18 safeguards performance model for the Material Protection Accounting and Control Technologies (MPACT) program at DOE NE is described. Experiments using fission surrogates in molten salt mixtures are recommended for MSTL. A 2017 NA-241 safeguards analysis for thorium fuel indicates intense gamma radiation. However, this issue can be addressed at SNL's experimental facilities, and funding should be sought in this area as well.  Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD modeling at SNL includes state-of-the-art large eddy simulation (LES) using the dynamic Smagorinsky turbulence model and the direct numerical simulation (DNS) model. It is noted that SNL has used CFD to successfully model gas-and water-cooled fuel assemblies under forced and natural circulation, as well as molten salt surfaces under natural circulation. SNL also has excellent coupled Multiphysics codes that couple CFD with heat transfer and structural analysis.  Nuclear criticality safety and neutronics. Because of its versatility and significant number of successful benchmark experiments, the Sandia Critical Experiments (SCX) facility is ideally suited to perform criticality experiments for molten salt-based fuels. SNL also has a broad-based experience in designing, performing, and analyzing critical benchmark experiments that will be invaluable assets for advancing molten salts and fuels. The above are areas where SNL could submit proposals with a higher degree of success because they have the highest degree of synergism between SNL's technical expertise and the recent paradigm at DOE and ARPA-E. These organizations have recently acquired a stronger stake in advanced nuclear reactors...

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“…In this context, numerous studies have explored the corrosion behaviour of potential construction materials with different storage media or heat transfer fluids. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Molten nitrate salt, known as Solar Salt, is the most technologically mature solution for CSP. It consists of 60 wt% NaNO 3 -40 wt%KNO 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ternary salt Li 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 was investigated for compatibility with HR3C steel (25%Cr-20%Ni-53%Fe), demonstrating that oxidation is the main corrosion mechanism. 21 Hastelloy C-276 and C-22 and stainless steel 304 with chloride salts were studied at temperatures up to 900°C in the presence 22,23 and absence 23 of air. The authors concluded that the corrosion rates decrease with the absence of oxygen in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method for the inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel by molten nitrate salt for thermal storage in concentrating solar power applications

et al. 2018

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Corrosion is an important issue in high-temperature applications such as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology, playing a crucial role in the long-term use of storage tanks, heat exchanger and piping materials which account for a considerable component of the investment costs. While there are many studies regarding the corrosion rates of container materials under the conditions of CSP, there is little progress in the field of their degradation prevention by anticorrosion methods. This work presents an analysis of the corrosion mechanisms between the most economical construction material-carbon steel-and molten nitrate salt. A method to protect the carbon steel against corrosion by molten salt at high temperature was proposed, involving the formation of a calcium carbonate layer on the carbon steel surface. The stability of the layer was tested under isothermal and temperature cycling conditions up to 500°C, in both inert and air atmospheres in the presence or absence of humidity. The protection method proposed has potential to reduce investment costs for CSP technology.

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Corrosion resistance of HR3C to a carbonate molten salt for energy storage applications in CSP plants

Cited by 72 publications

References 41 publications

Corrosion behavior of UCX, KHR35, and KHR45 alloys in molten nitrates

Corrosion behavior of UCX, KHR35, and KHR45 alloys in molten nitrates

Advancing Molten Salts and Fuels at Sandia National Laboratories

A simple method for the inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel by molten nitrate salt for thermal storage in concentrating solar power applications

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