“…One way to solve this problem is surface treatment involving chemical conversion, sol-gel, metallic coating and micro-arc oxidation (MAO), and so forth. 4,5 Of these methods, MAO is a cost-effective and environmentfriendly surface treatment technology and is widely used in space engineering, ships, petrochemicals, medical engineering, and so forth. The MAO coatings prepared on the surface of valve metal (such as Al, Mg, and Ti) have excellent corrosion resistance, wear resistance, high temperature resistance, electrical insulation, biocompatibility, and so forth.…”