Corruption and population health outcomes: an analysis of data from 133 countries using structural equation modeling

Factor, Roni; Kang, Minah

doi:10.1007/s00038-015-0687-6

Cited by 57 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…On the other hand, the one evaluation that provided compelling evidence of the effects of an intervention to reduce corruption suggests that it is possible to document at least some of the effects of interventions to reduce corruption using routinely-collected data as part of anti-corruption efforts (USA 2005-2014). Moreover, it is feasible to undertake rigorous evaluations of the effects of interventions to reduce corruption (Björkman 2007; Björkman 2009; Blais 2007; Ferraz 2005), and others have recognised the need for rigorous evaluations (Johnsøn 2013; Peisakhin 2011). However, it seems likely that this need is not widely recognised, given how few rigorous evaluations we found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although randomised studies provide the best possible evidence of the effects of interventions to reduce corruption, there are practical hindrances to the use of randomisation (Johnsøn 2013; Peisakhin 2011). For our primary objective, we searched for interrupted time series (ITS) studies with at least three time points before and after the start of the intervention, and controlled before-and-after (CBA) studies with at least two sites in each comparison group, as well as for randomised and non-randomised trials (Cochrane EPOC 2013a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Randomised trials can be used to evaluate the effects of interventions to reduce corruption (Björkman 2007; Björkman 2009; Blais 2007; Ferraz 2005), and should be used whenever possible, to reduce the risk of bias in non-randomised evaluations (Johnsøn 2013; Peisakhin 2011). When randomised trials are not possible, ITS studies should be used when possible; and even when randomised trials are possible, controlled ITS analyses should be used when possible (Fretheim 2015).…”

Section: Authors' Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector

Gaitonde

Oxman

Okebukola

et al. 2016

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Corruption is the abuse or complicity in abuse, of public or private position, power or authority to benefit oneself, a group, an organisation or others close to oneself; where the benefits may be financial, material or non-material. It is wide-spread in the health sector and represents a major problem. Objectives Our primary objective was to systematically summarise empirical evidence of the effects of strategies to reduce corruption in the health sector. Our secondary objective was to describe the range of strategies that have been tried and to guide future evaluations of promising strategies for which there is insufficient evidence. Search methods We searched 14 electronic databases up to January 2014, including: CENTRAL; MEDLINE; EMBASE; sociological, economic, political and other health databases; Human Resources Abstracts up to November 2010; Euroethics up to August 2015; and PubMed alerts from January 2014 to June 2016. We searched another 23 websites and online databases for grey literature up to August 2015, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Transparency International, healthcare anti-fraud association websites and trial registries. We conducted citation searches in Science Citation Index and Google Scholar, and searched PubMed for related articles up to August 2015. We contacted corruption researchers in December 2015, and screened reference lists of articles up to May 2016. Selection criteria For the primary analysis, we included randomised trials, non-randomised trials, interrupted time series studies and controlled before-after studies that evaluated the effects of an intervention to reduce corruption in the health sector. For the secondary analysis, we included case studies that clearly described an intervention to reduce corruption in the health sector, addressed either our primary or secondary objective, and stated the methods that the study authors used to collect and analyse data. Data collection and analysis One review author extracted data from the included studies and a second review author checked the extracted data against the reports of the included studies. We undertook a structured synthesis of the findings. We constructed a results table and 'Summaries of findings' tables. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. Main results No studies met the inclusion criteria of the primary analysis. We included nine studies that met the inclusion criteria for the secondary analysis. One study found that a package of interventions coordinated by the US Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Justice recovered a large amount of money and resulted in hundreds of new cases and convictions each year (high certainty of the evidence). Another study ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Authors' Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector

Gaitonde

Oxman

Okebukola

et al. 2016

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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“…In 1996, the then-president of the World Bank, James D. Wolfensohn, declared: “For developing countries to achieve growth and poverty reduction, we need to deal with the cancer of corruption” (Bhargava 2006, p. 1). Corruption especially affects health, because in development countries it prevails in water and sanitation management and in the health sector itself, in this way representing a direct death toll, especially of children (Azfar and Gurgur 2008; Hanf et al 2011; Factor and Kang 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of corruption in preventative cost-based S-LCA: a contribution to the Oiconomy project

Croes¹,

Vermeulen²

2018

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Corruption is one of the key social aspects, heavily impacting all three Planet-, People- and Prosperity sustainability pillars and is therefore essential to be included in S-LCA. The objective of this article is to consider the available options to quantify corruption in preventative cost-based S-LCA, and to make a first proposal for quantification. Methods Literature was investigated on potential S-LCA assessment methods of corruption. To date, such literature is hardly available, so more generally, S-LCA methods were assessed on described concepts and ideas, and assessed on five criteria. Following this, using the obtained conclusions and ideas, a proposal for the quantification of corruption for the preventative cost-based Oiconomy system was developed, following the five-step Oiconomy method (Croes and Vermeulen in J Clean Prod 102:178–187, 2015 ). Results and discussion Based on some examples, Dreyer et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 15(3):247–259, 2010 ) argue that various social aspects, including corruption, are better assessed by companies’ preventative efforts than by their impact. Therefore, modifying a method developed by Dreyer et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 15(3):247–259, 2010 ), an indicator is proposed provided by the product of the marginal preventative costs and the quality of a companies’ preventative governance. For the aspect of corruption, the internationally accepted target is “zero tolerance.” Literature shows that the ultimate business choice under pressure of corruption is “not doing the business.” Because profitability is the main driver for companies, refraining from the business is proposed as the marginal preventative measure, and the related profit as the maximum quantitative indicator for S-LCA. For the risk factor, a technique is proposed based on scoring a company’s governance quality by checking the four Plan-Do-Check-Act effort classes of common risk-based certification standards’ criteria. Conclusions Our assessment shows a definite need for the inclusion of the aspect of corruption in S-LCA, but no options for a reasonably certain assessment are available for the aspect of corruption in impact-based S-LCA, also suitable for the preventative cost-based Oiconomy system. However, based on literature-derived ideas and principles, for the Oiconomy system, we could propose both a performance reference point and marginal preventative costs as a quantitative measure for corruption. The proposed measure is not paying the bribe, but the proposed indicator is a governance quality-dependent fraction of the consequentially lost profit margin. Consequences, limitations and possible objections to our proposed methods are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11367-018-1507-z) contains supplementary material, which is avai...

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“…Regardless of the level at which it occurs, corruption obstructs the delivery of resources, services, medications, and benefits to those who are most in need, unduly impacting low-income Kenyans, and can lead directly to poor health outcomes [10, 11]. Unchecked corruption threatens the stability of international aid, health programming [12], and national economic growth [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“They make money off of us”: a phenomenological analysis of consumer perceptions of corruption in Kenya’s HIV response system

Kagotho

Bunger

Wagner

2016

BMC Health Serv Res

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BackgroundProblems with misallocation and redirection of critical resources and benefits intended for PLHIV are not uncommon in Kenya. This study explores corruption in Kenya’s HIV response system and the implications for health outcomes from the perspective of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Although they might not be directly responsible for health care fund management, PLHIV and their advocacy efforts have been central to the development of HIV system response and they have a vested interest in ensuring proper governance.MethodsThis phenomenological study was conducted in 2012 in Kiambu County in Kenya. The study was designed to capture the experiences of a select group of individuals living with HIV and AIDS and subsequent effects on intergenerational wealth transmission. Four focus groups were conducted with self-convened HIV/AIDS peer support groups. Findings related to corruption emerged unexpectedly, albeit consistently, across all four focus groups. To validate core themes within the data, including corruption, two coders independently reviewed and coded the data.ResultsParticipants described incidences of resource misallocation, theft, and denial of services across three thematic levels namely at the interpersonal, provider, and institutional levels. Participants described the negative influence of corruption on their health and financial well-being, and propose: (1) strengthening legal protections for assets belonging to PLHIV, (2) direct representation of PLHIV within service agencies, (3) and addressing information asymmetries to inject transparency into the response system.ConclusionOur findings add to the growing literature that identifies advocacy among individuals and families impacted by HIV and AIDS to be a useful tool in drawing attention to harmful practices in the HIV response infrastructure; consistent with this movement, communities in Kenya demand greater control over programmatic interventions both at the national and local levels.

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Corruption and population health outcomes: an analysis of data from 133 countries using structural equation modeling

Cited by 57 publications

References 29 publications

Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector

Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector

Quantification of corruption in preventative cost-based S-LCA: a contribution to the Oiconomy project

“They make money off of us”: a phenomenological analysis of consumer perceptions of corruption in Kenya’s HIV response system

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