Cortical control of voluntary blinking: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study

Sohn, Young H.; Voller, Bernhard; Dimyan, Michael A.; Gibson, A. St Clair; Hanakawa, Takashi; León-Sarmiento, Fidias E.; Jung, Han Young; Hallett, Mark

doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2003.10.035

Cited by 53 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Pairwise comparisons between the other brain areas did not show significant differences, which might be due to the small sample size of this pilot study. Since we did not find a reliable facial M1 area in an earlier study 15 and it is controversial whether upper facial responses can be produced by stimulating the MC, [15][16][17] we chose the FDI as the target area for M1. Although the hand representation area, especially the thumb and index finger, is located next to the upper face and eye area, 18 identifying and utilizing the facial M1 area for lfrTMS might have resulted in more effective stimulation over M1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blepharospasm and the modulation of cortical excitability in primary and secondary motor areas

Shamim¹,

Lin²,

Kranz³

et al. 2009

Neurology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 AC. As used earlier, 15 to determine the stimulation site for AC, a standard 9-cm circular coil was placed over Fz and then moved over the midline of the brain in 0.5-cm steps in the anterior direction, until the point of maximum MEP in the OO (with a latency of 6 -8 msec) was reached (about 3.5 cm medial and 5.5 cm anterior to MC).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blepharospasm and the modulation of cortical excitability in primary and secondary motor areas

Shamim¹,

Lin²,

Kranz³

et al. 2009

Neurology

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“…This relationship is supported by studies examining the effects of cortical stimulation on the ventral region of M1 which primarily elicits contralateral lower facial movements (Penfield, 1937;Woolsey et al,1952;Woolsey et al, 1979;McGuinness et al, 1980;Huang et al, 1988;Triggs et al, 2005) and longstanding clinical observations which have drawn the association between prominent contralateral lower facial paresis and injury afflicting the lateral peri-central cortex of the cerebral hemisphere (Green, 1938;Symon et al, 1975;Brodal, 1981;Adams et al, 1997). However, it has also been shown that to a lesser extent, OO activation can occur following direct stimulation of M1 (Woolsey et al, 1979;Benecke et al, 1988;Cruccu et al, 1990;Roedel et al, 2001;Sohn et al, 2004;Paradiso et al, 2005) and deficits transpire in OO function following damage to M1 that are less notable than perioral deficits, but are nonetheless detectable (Kojima et al, 1997). Collectively this observation may contribute to the complex nature of facial expression and possibly add to the inherent difficulties in isolating distinct, individuated facial muscle contractions following cortical stimulation (Woolsey et al, 1952;Strick and Preston, 1979;McGuinness et al, 1980;Brecht et al, 2004;Schieber, 2004).…”

Section: Intranuclear Localization Of Oo Motor Neurons and Implicatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of some morphological parameters of orbicularis oculi motor neurons in the monkey

McNeal

Herrick

et al. 2008

Neuroscience

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The primate facial nucleus is a prominent brainstem structure that is composed of cell bodies giving rise to axons forming the facial nerve. It is musculotopically organized, but we know little about the morphological features of its motor neurons. Using the Lucifer yellow intracellular filling method, we examined 17 morphological parameters of motor neurons innervating the monkey orbicularis oculi (OO) muscle, which plays an important role in eye lid closure and voluntary and emotional facial expressions. All somata were multipolar and remained confined to the intermediate subnucleus, as did the majority of its aspiny dendritic branches. We found a mean maximal cell diameter of 54 μm in the transverse dimension, cell diameter of 60 μm in the rostrocaudal dimension, somal surface area of 17,500 μm 2 and somal volume of 55,643 μm 3 . Eight neurons were used in the analysis of dendritic parameters based upon complete filling of the distal segments of the dendritic tree. We found a mean number of 16 dendritic segments, an average dendritic length of 1,036 μm, diameter of 7 μm, surface area of 12,757 μm 2 and total volume of 16,923 μm 3 . Quantitative analysis of the dendritic branch segments demonstrated that the average number, diameter and volume gradually diminished from proximal to distal segments. A Sholl analysis revealed that the highest number of dendritic intersections occurred 60 μm distal to the somal center with a gradual reduction of intersections occurring distally. These observations advance our understanding of the morphological organization of the primate facial nucleus and provide structural features for comparative studies, interpreting afferent influence on OO function and for designing studies pinpointing structural alterations in OO motor neurons that may accompany disorders affecting facial movement.

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“…For instance, if prefrontal cortex stimulation is integral to the experimental design, close proximity of the TMS coil to the HMD or LCS goggles (which rest anteriorly on the head) may inadvertently disrupt or damage electronic circuitry in the goggles, with the resultant induced currents potentially also producing inadvertent artifacts in the HMD panels or shutters (respectively). In addition, TMS of frontal areas (e.g., primary motor cortex) may activate the facial nerve thus causing eye twitching (Sohn et al, 2004). Such transient stimulations are well known to artificially induce a change in perceptual state during BR (i.e., terminate suppression of a percept; Blake, 2001).…”

Section: Compatibility With Brain Stimulation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dichoptic Viewing Methods for Binocular Rivalry Research: Prospects for Large-Scale Clinical and Genetic Studies

et al. 2013

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Binocular rivalry (BR) is an intriguing phenomenon that occurs when two different images are presented, one to each eye, resulting in alternation or rivalry between the percepts. The phenomenon has been studied for nearly 200 years, with renewed and intensive investigation over recent decades. The rate of perceptual switching has long been known to vary widely between individuals but to be relatively stable within individuals. A recent twin study demonstrated that individual variation in BR rate is under substantial genetic control, a finding that also represented the first report, using a large study, of genetic contribution for any post-retinal visual processing phenomenon. The twin study had been prompted by earlier work showing BR rate was slow in the heritable psychiatric condition, bipolar disorder (BD). Together, these studies suggested that slow BR may represent an endophenotype for BD, and heralded the advent of modern clinical and genetic studies of rivalry. This new focus has coincided with rapid advances in 3D display technology, but despite such progress, specific development of technology for rivalry research has been lacking. This review therefore compares different display methods for BR research across several factors, including viewing parameters, image quality, equipment cost, compatibility with other investigative methods, subject group, and sample size, with a focus on requirements specific to large-scale clinical and genetic studies. It is intended to be a resource for investigators new to BR research, such as clinicians and geneticists, and to stimulate the development of 3D display technology for advancing interdisciplinary studies of rivalry.

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Cortical control of voluntary blinking: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study

Cited by 53 publications

References 24 publications

Blepharospasm and the modulation of cortical excitability in primary and secondary motor areas

Blepharospasm and the modulation of cortical excitability in primary and secondary motor areas

Characterization of some morphological parameters of orbicularis oculi motor neurons in the monkey

Dichoptic Viewing Methods for Binocular Rivalry Research: Prospects for Large-Scale Clinical and Genetic Studies

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