Cortical processing of human and emoji faces: an ERP analysis

Gantiva, Carlos; Sotaquirá, Miguel; Araujo, Andrés; Cuervo, P.

doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1632933

Cited by 68 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…They are graphic symbols with predefined names and code (Unicode), which can represent not only facial expressions, abstract concepts and emotions/feelings, but also animals, plants, activities, gestures/body parts, and objects (Rodrigues et al, 2017). Possessing similar neural responses to face-to-face communication (Gantiva et al, 2019), using emoji can add extra emotional or contextual meaning to communication, enhance the attractiveness of the message to receivers (Cramer et al, 2016), help users in tone adjustment and conversation management and play a role in managing and maintaining interpersonal relationships (Kelly and Watts, 2015; Chairunnisa and Benedictus, 2017; Albawardi, 2018). On a social level, emoji, as a visual language, make it easier for non-English speaking nations to use English-dominated social media such as Twitter, Instagram and Facebook (Boothe and Wickstrom, 2017).…”

Section: The Development Of Emojimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives

et al. 2019

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A growing body of research explores emoji, which are visual symbols in computer mediated communication (CMC). In the 20 years since the first set of emoji was released, research on it has been on the increase, albeit in a variety of directions. We reviewed the extant body of research on emoji and noted the development, usage, function, and application of emoji. In this review article, we provide a systematic review of the extant body of work on emoji, reviewing how they have developed, how they are used differently, what functions they have and what research has been conducted on them in different domains. Furthermore, we summarize directions for future research on this topic.

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Section: The Development Of Emojimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives

et al. 2019

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“…In the era of Web 2.0, emojis are widely used in computer-mediated communication (CMC) as a substitute for real facial expressions in virtual environments (Hof, 2016; Marengo et al, 2017; Walther and D'addario, 2001; Wang et al, 2014), and emojis are prevalent in marketing campaigns (Gantiva et al, 2019; Leung and Chan, 2017). Thus, it is necessary to determine whether consumers process emojis as subliminal stimuli, as they do with human facial expressions; this study then discusses the following research question:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromarketing, Subliminal Advertising, and Hotel Selection: An EEG Study

Hsu

Chen

2020

Australasian Marketing Journal

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This study aims to understand how hotel videos embedded with a smiling face emoji as a subliminal message affect consumers’ selection of hotels, with their brain activities measured and collected while they watched the videos. Data was collected from sixteen participants who completed two rounds of experiments. A chi-square test of homogeneity, paired sample t-test, and Bayes factor were performed to address the two proposed research questions. The results of this study reveal that participants’ selection of hotels would be significantly affected by the subliminal stimuli of a smiling face emoji. Meanwhile, neuroscientific data identifies significant differences between participants’ two (theta and beta) out of five bands of brainwaves while they were viewing hotel videos with and without the subliminal message. Suggestions for future studies and practical operations are also discussed.

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“…People perceive emoji faces similarly to human emotion faces. For example, Gantiva et al (2019) found that emoji faces produced similar neural responses to real faces observed during face-to-face communication. In another study, Yuasa et al (2011) found that emojis and human facial expressions elicited similar brain activity in the right and left inferior frontal gyri.…”

Section: Previous Literature Of Emoji Emotional Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Implications for Emotion: Using Anatomically Based Facial Coding to Compare Emoji Faces Across Platforms

Fugate

Franco

2021

Front. Psychol.

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Emoji faces, which are ubiquitous in our everyday communication, are thought to resemble human faces and aid emotional communication. Yet, few studies examine whether emojis are perceived as a particular emotion and whether that perception changes based on rendering differences across electronic platforms. The current paper draws upon emotion theory to evaluate whether emoji faces depict anatomical differences that are proposed to differentiate human depictions of emotion (hereafter, “facial expressions”). We modified the existing Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (Ekman and Rosenberg, 1997) to apply to emoji faces. An equivalent “emoji FACS” rubric allowed us to evaluate two important questions: First, Anatomically, does the same emoji face “look” the same across platforms and versions? Second, Do emoji faces perceived as a particular emotion category resemble the proposed human facial expression for that emotion? To answer these questions, we compared the anatomically based codes for 31 emoji faces across three platforms and two version updates. We then compared those codes to the proposed human facial expression prototype for the emotion perceived within the emoji face. Overall, emoji faces across platforms and versions were not anatomically equivalent. Moreover, the majority of emoji faces did not conform to human facial expressions for an emotion, although the basic anatomical codes were shared among human and emoji faces. Some emotion categories were better predicted by the assortment of anatomical codes than others, with some individual differences among platforms. We discuss theories of emotion that help explain how emoji faces are perceived as an emotion, even when anatomical differences are not always consistent or specific to an emotion.

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Cortical processing of human and emoji faces: an ERP analysis

Cited by 68 publications

References 42 publications

A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives

A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives

Neuromarketing, Subliminal Advertising, and Hotel Selection: An EEG Study

Implications for Emotion: Using Anatomically Based Facial Coding to Compare Emoji Faces Across Platforms

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