Cortical specialization for attended versus unattended working memory

Christophel, Thomas B.; Iamshchinina, Polina; Yan, Changrong; Allefeld, Carsten; Haynes, John‐Dylan

doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0094-4

Cited by 183 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…It is therefore possible that this information is still encoded in the firing rate of neurons, but in a manner not decodable noninvasively (by modulation of neurons in specific ways that do not result in on‐average types of activity measurements). Moreover, in another study using the retro‐cue paradigm, it was observed that while in one area (visual cortex) information about the unattended item disappeared, other higher order cortices (IPS and FEF) continued to maintain this information . This shows that in some brain areas there is no difference in the way attended and unattended information is being maintained.…”

Section: Interactions Between Wm and Long‐term Memorymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Moreover, in another study using the retrocue paradigm, it was observed that while in one area (visual cortex) information about the unattended item disappeared, other higher order cortices (IPS and FEF) continued to maintain this information. 47 This shows that in some brain areas there is no dif-ference in the way attended and unattended information is being maintained. Moreover, in a study where naive monkeys that were never trained on a WM task passively viewed stimuli, persistent stimulus-selective activity was observed in some PFC neurons (but such activity rarely outlasted presentation of the next stimulus).…”

Section: Interactions Between Wm and Long-term Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Between persistently active and activity‐silent frameworks: novel vistas on the cellular basis of working memory

Kamiński

Rutishauser

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Recent work has revealed important new discoveries on the cellular mechanisms of working memory (WM). These findings have motivated several seemingly conflicting theories on the mechanisms of short‐term memory maintenance. Here, we summarize the key insights gained from these new experiments and critically evaluate them in light of three hypotheses: classical persistent activity, activity‐silent, and dynamic coding. The experiments discussed include the first direct demonstration of persistently active neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that form static attractors with relevance to WM, single‐neuron recordings in the macaque prefrontal cortex that show evidence for both persistent and more dynamic types of WM representations, and noninvasive neuroimaging in humans that argues for activity‐silent representations. A key insight that emerges from these new results is that there are several neural mechanisms that support the maintenance of information in WM. Finally, based on established cognitive theories of WM, we propose a coherent model that encompasses these seemingly contradictory results. We propose that the three neuronal mechanisms of persistent activity, activity‐silent, and dynamic coding map well onto the cognitive levels of information processing (within focus of attention, activated long‐term memory, and central executive) that Cowan's WM model proposes.

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Section: Interactions Between Wm and Long‐term Memorymentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Interactions Between Wm and Long-term Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Between persistently active and activity‐silent frameworks: novel vistas on the cellular basis of working memory

Kamiński

Rutishauser

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…In summary, multivariate results show that information about counterfactual outcomes can be decoded in multiple regions of mPFC, although with lower accuracy than for factual ones. As counterfactual outcomes are not relevant for the obtained reward and representational strength is stronger for attended than unattended items (e.g., Christophel et al, 2018), this suggests that they receive less attention.…”

Section: Univariate and Multivariate Effects Of Outcome Valencementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of counterfactual information on outcome value coding in medial prefrontal and cingulate cortex: from an absolute to a relative neural code

Pischedda

Palminteri

Coricelli

2020

Preprint

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Adaptive coding of stimuli in visual cortex is well documented in perception, where it supports efficient encoding over a broad range of possible percepts. Recently, a similar neural mechanism has been reported also in value--based decision, where it allows optimal encoding of vast ranges of values in PFC: neuronal response to value depends on the choice context (relative coding), rather than being invariant across contexts (absolute coding). Additionally, value learning is sensitive to the amount of feedback information: providing complete feedback (both obtained and forgone outcomes) instead of partial feedback (only obtained outcome) improves learning.However, it is unclear whether relative coding occurs in all PFC regions and how it is affected by feedback information. We systematically investigated univariate and multivariate feedback encoding in various PFC regions and compared three modes of neural coding: absolute, partially--adaptive and fully--adaptive.Twenty--eight human participants (both sexes) performed a learning task while undergoing fMRI scanning. On each trial, they chose between two symbols associated with a certain outcome. Then, the decision outcome was revealed. Notably, in half of the trials participants received partial feedback, while in the other half they got complete feedback. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to explore value encoding in different feedback conditions. We found that both obtained and forgone outcomes were encoded in mPFC, but with opposite sign in ventral and dorsal subdivisions. Moreover, we showed that increasing feedback information induced a switch from absolute to relative coding. Our results suggest that complete feedback information promotes context--dependent outcome encoding.

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“…Variability is a fundamental feature of brain activity that is distinct from "randomness" or "noise" (Pinneo, 1966). Neural activity is organized according to structured spatial and temporal profiles (Christophel, Iamshchinina, Yan, Allefeld, & Haynes, 2018;Huth, Heer, Griffiths, Theunissen, & Gallant, 2016;Huth, Nishimoto, Vu, & Gallant, 2012;Luciana, Wahlstrom, Porter, & Collins, 2012). While not always thought of in terms of variability, the fact that spatial and temporal activation patterns within-individuals vary between different psychological processes suggests that variability is a defining feature of brain function (Etzel, Zacks, & Braver, 2013;Patel, Kaplan, & Snyder, 2014).…”

Section: Prior Investigations Of Emotion Regulation Neurodevelopment mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Cortical Variability Track with Age and Affective Experience During Emotion Regulation in Youth

Moreira

McLaughlin

Silvers

2018

Preprint

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Variability is a fundamental feature of human brain activity that is particularly pronounced during development. However, developmental neuroimaging research has only recently begun to move beyond characterizing brain function across development exclusively in terms of magnitude of neural activation to incorporating estimates of variability. No prior neuroimaging study has done so in the domain of emotion regulation. We investigated how age and affective experiences influence spatial and temporal variability in neural activity during emotion regulation. In the current study, 70 typically developing youth aged 8-17 years completed a cognitive reappraisal task of emotion regulation while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Estimates of spatial and temporal variability during emotion regulation were calculated across a network of brain regions, defined a priori, and were then related to age and affective experiences. Results showed that increasing age was associated with reduced spatial and temporal variability in a set of frontoparietal regions (e.g., dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, superior parietal lobule) known to be involved in effortful emotion regulation. In addition, youth who reported less negative affect during emotion regulation had less spatial variability in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. We interpret age-related reductions in spatial and temporal variability as evidence of neural specialization. These results imply that the development of emotion regulation is undergirded by a process of neural specialization and open up a host of possibilities for incorporating neural variability into the study of emotion regulation development.Keywords: Emotion; Emotion Regulation; Development; Variability; Neuroimaging . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. Heller & Casey, 2016;Nomi, Bolt, Ezie, Uddin, & Heller, 2017). This is because age-related differences in neural variability likely reflect important developmental processes, including the degree of efficiency, specialization, and experience-based plasticity (e.g., pruning) in neural circuits across age (Casey, 2015;Durston et al., 2006). Emotion regulation presents itself as a particularly important skill to be assessed in a developmental neural variability framework because it exhibits protracted maturation and is critical for wellbeing (Cole & Deater-Deckard, 2009;Gross, 2015;McLaughlin, Garrard, & Somerville, 2015). However, virtually all developmental neuroimaging studies of emotion regulation to date have concentrated on age-related differences in the magnitude of brain activity across individuals, and have ignored how variability within individuals during emotion regulation differs across development. The present study sought to address this knowledge gap by investigating how within-subject variability in neural activity during emotion regulation-both spatial and temporal-is ...

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Cortical specialization for attended versus unattended working memory

Cited by 183 publications

References 47 publications

Between persistently active and activity‐silent frameworks: novel vistas on the cellular basis of working memory

Between persistently active and activity‐silent frameworks: novel vistas on the cellular basis of working memory

The effect of counterfactual information on outcome value coding in medial prefrontal and cingulate cortex: from an absolute to a relative neural code

Spatial and Temporal Cortical Variability Track with Age and Affective Experience During Emotion Regulation in Youth

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