Cortical states control visual spatial perception

Speed, Anderson; Rosario, Joseph P. Del; Burgess, Christopher; Haider, Bilal

doi:10.1101/316398

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In all tasks, we found that fluctuations in engagement throughout a session correlated with cortical state. Consistent with many prior studies (Busse et al, 2017;McGinley et al, 2015;Pinto et al, 2013;Speed et al, 2018), we found that discrimination of visual or auditory stimuli desynchronizes the corresponding cortical region. However, the desynchronization was global rather than restricted to the sensory region corresponding to the stimulus modality, with the biggest effect in somatomotor cortex for all tasks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Cortical state fluctuations during sensory decision making

Jacobs

Steinmetz

Carandini

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Neocortical activity varies between states of "synchronization" and "desynchronization", with desynchronized states believed to occur specifically in regions engaged by the task. To disambiguate whether desynchronization is linked to task performance or engagement, we trained mice on tasks in which incorrect responses due to disengagement (neglect) differed from inaccurate task performance (incorrect choices). Using widefield calcium imaging to measure cortical state across many areas simultaneously, we found that desynchronization was correlated with engagement rather than accuracy. Consistent with this link between desynchronization and engagement, we found that rewards had a long-lasting desynchronizing effect. To determine whether engagement-related changes in cortical state depended on the sensory modality, we trained mice on visual and auditory task versions and found that desynchronization was similar in both and more pronounced in somatomotor than either sensory cortex. We conclude that variations in cortical state are predominately global and closely relate to variations in task engagement.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Cortical state fluctuations during sensory decision making

Jacobs

Steinmetz

Carandini

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…While the most prominent cortical state change occurs upon the transition from sleep to wakefulness (Steriade, 2000;Steriade et al, 2001), the waking period itself is characterized by frequent, and often underappreciated state changes (McGinley et al, 2015b). These waking state fluctuations can profoundly impact sensory-evoked cortical responses and sensory-guided behaviors Engel et al, 2016;Pinto et al, 2013;Sachidhanandam et al, 2013;Speed et al, 2018). In the awake, head-fixed mouse preparation, a frequently used experimental paradigm of waking state fluctuation has been the comparison between periods of stillness and locomotion, particularly in primary visual cortex (V1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct waking states for strong evoked responses in primary visual cortex and optimal visual detection performance

Neske

McCormick

2018

Preprint

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Variability in cortical neuronal responses to sensory stimuli and in perceptual decision making performance is substantial. Moment-to-moment fluctuations in waking state or arousal can account for much of this variability. Yet, the nature of this variability across the full spectrum of waking states is often not completely characterized, leaving the characteristics of the optimal state for sensory processing unresolved. Using pupillometry in concert with extracellular multiunit and intracellular whole-cell recordings, we found that the magnitude and reliability of visually evoked responses in primary visual cortex (V1) of awake, passively behaving male mice increase as a function of arousal and are largest during sustained locomotion periods. During these high-arousal, sustained locomotion periods, cortical neuronal membrane potential was at its most depolarized and least variable. Contrastingly, behavioral performance of mice on two distinct visual detection tasks was generally best at a range of intermediate arousal levels, but worst during locomotion. These results suggest that large, reliable responses to visual stimuli in V1 occur at a distinct arousal level from that associated with optimal visual detection performance. Our results clarify the relation between neuronal responsiveness and the continuum of waking states, and suggest new complexities in the relation between primary sensory cortical activity and behavior.

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“…The first trial after the switch of the stimulus location contained a grace period (~1.5 s) where licks to either detector during stimulus presentation were rewarded; thereafter, licks to the wrong detector were unrewarded and penalized with a time-out interval. Details of animal preparation, visual stimulus properties, and behavioral training can be found elsewhere (Speed et al 2018). Each detector was connected to the computer-controlled behavioral apparatus as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Detector Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neural recordings and analysis. Detailed procedures for laminar local field potential recordings have been presented elsewhere (Saleem et al 2017;Speed et al 2018). Briefly, recordings were done with multisite silicon probes (NeuroNexus) consisting of a single 32-channel shank.…”

Section: Detector Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contactless photosensors avoid many of these complications, and single-port photosensors are a reliable method for detecting licks (Isett et al 2018). These have been used by our own laboratory and others for detecting licks in a single direction during visual, auditory, and somatosensory tasks (Isett et al 2018;Sanders and Kepecs 2012;Speed et al 2018). Extending a contactless photosensor design for use in a two-port directional licking task requires first characterizing sensors and optimal detector performance and then measuring detector performance simultaneous with neural recordings during behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel device for real-time measurement and manipulation of licking behavior in head-fixed mice

Williams

Speed

Haider

2018

Journal of Neurophysiology

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The mouse has become an influential model system for investigating the mammalian nervous system. Technologies in mice enable recording and manipulation of neural circuits during tasks where they respond to sensory stimuli by licking for liquid rewards. Precise monitoring of licking during these tasks provides an accessible metric of sensory-motor processing, particularly when combined with simultaneous neural recordings. There are several challenges in designing and implementing lick detectors during head-fixed neurophysiological experiments in mice. First, mice are small, and licking behaviors are easily perturbed or biased by large sensors. Second, neural recordings during licking are highly sensitive to electrical contact artifacts. Third, submillisecond lick detection latencies are required to generate control signals that manipulate neural activity at appropriate time scales. Here we designed, characterized, and implemented a contactless dual-port device that precisely measures directional licking in head-fixed mice performing visual behavior. We first determined the optimal characteristics of our detector through design iteration and then quantified device performance under ideal conditions. We then tested performance during head-fixed mouse behavior with simultaneous neural recordings in vivo. We finally demonstrate our device’s ability to detect directional licks and generate appropriate control signals in real time to rapidly suppress licking behavior via closed-loop inhibition of neural activity. Our dual-port detector is cost effective and easily replicable, and it should enable a wide variety of applications probing the neural circuit basis of sensory perception, motor action, and learning in normal and transgenic mouse models. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice readily learn tasks in which they respond to sensory cues by licking for liquid rewards; tasks that involve multiple licking responses allow study of neural circuits underlying decision making and sensory-motor integration. Here we design, characterize, and implement a novel dual-port lick detector that precisely measures directional licking in head-fixed mice performing visual behavior, enabling simultaneous neural recording and closed-loop manipulation of licking.

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Cortical states control visual spatial perception

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

Cortical state fluctuations during sensory decision making

Cortical state fluctuations during sensory decision making

Distinct waking states for strong evoked responses in primary visual cortex and optimal visual detection performance

A novel device for real-time measurement and manipulation of licking behavior in head-fixed mice

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