Cortical versus cancellous interference fixation for bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts

Porcine Tibia is a Poor Substitute for Human Cadaver Tibia for Evaluating Interference Screw Fixation

“…|| || References 3,10,21,[24][25][26][27][28][29]31,32,[34][35][36]38,39,[43][44][45][46]57 One could claim that porcine specimens were appropriate for testing cortical fixation methods, because the trabecular bone is not (an integral) part of that fixation construct. However, given the obvious differences in the crosssectional structure and composition of the entire proximal part of human and porcine tibiae (eg, thickness of the cortical shell, differences in the volumetric bone density), 36 we feel that their use requires proper validation, through tests conducted in a similar manner to the current study refuting the feasibility of porcine specimens in testing intratunnel ACL fixations.…”

Biomechanical Properties of Patellar and Hamstring Graft Tibial Fixation Techniques in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

“…18 The higher bone density in our animal model may lead to decreased graft slippage and increased maximum failure load compared to human tissue. 27,33 Therefore, the evaluated load to failure values cannot be extrapolated to humans. Nevertheless, porcine knees are commonly used for evaluation of ACL fixation devices as they are still considered successful in mimicking the young, human knee with regards to its size, shape, and bone quality.…”

“…Nevertheless, porcine knees are commonly used for evaluation of ACL fixation devices as they are still considered successful in mimicking the young, human knee with regards to its size, shape, and bone quality. 18,22,25,27,29,39 In addition, an animal model is useful to achieve relative uniform-shaped tendon grafts and equal bone density. With specimens from human donors, it is difficult to control this parameter, which could influence the results.…”

“…Consequently, the use of porcine specimens can contribute to ensure reproducible data. 25,27 To our knowledge, no data exist concerning fixation strength of extra-cortical hamstring fixation with linkage suture material and Suture-Disc on the tibial side. In contrast to an acceptable failure load of 445 N on average, we observed a very high degree of elasticity in the SutureDisc fixation.…”

“…This animal model was used in several preliminary experimental studies on ACL graft fixation. 1,3,14,15,25,27 …”