Corticosteroids in Fish

Idler, D. R.; Truscott, B.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-370350-7.50008-x

Cited by 67 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…However, indirect evidence from in vitro studies has indicated that in elasmobranchs, amphibians, reptiles and birds, progesterone is the major substrate of P450c21 because of the absence of P450c17 in the adrenal/interrenal of these groups (Lofts & Bern 1972, Nunez & Trant 1995. In teleosts, limited studies suggest that both progesterone and 17 -hydroxyprogesterone may be 21-hydroxylated in the interrenal (Sandor et al 1966, Idler & Truscott 1972. However, the preferential substrate of P450c21 might differ with species, developmental stage and season (Lofts & Bern 1972, Sangalang & Uthe 1994.…”

Section: Enzymatic Activity Of Eel P450c21 Expressed In Cos-1 Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrenal steroid 21-hydroxylase in eels: primary structure, progesterone-specific activity and enhanced expression by ACTH

Inoue²,

Takei

2003

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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Cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) is a key enzyme for corticosteroidogenesis. To understand the regulatory mechanisms of cortisol production in fish, we have cloned a cDNA encoding P450c21, for the first time in non-mammalian vertebrates, from the head kidney of the eel (Anguilla japonica). The overall similarity of the deduced P450c21 sequence was modest (41-44% amino acid identity) between the eel and mammals. However, the functional domains for steroid-binding, heme-binding and proton-transfer sites were well conserved (74-100% identity). The eel P450c21 mRNA was expressed abundantly in the anterior quarter of the head kidney, but was undetectable in the remaining three-quarters or in other tissues including the gill, heart, liver, intestine, kidney, immature gonad and skeletal muscle. Functional expression of the cDNA clone in non-steroidogenic COS-1 cells produced a protein with high 21-hydroxylase activity to convert progesterone to 11-deoxycortisterone but not 17 -hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol, although the latter is a preferred substrate for mammalian P450c21. To examine whether 21-hydroxylated progesterone is actually 17 -hydroxylated in the eel interrenal, 11-deoxycorticosterone and 3 H-corticosterone were respectively incubated with the interrenal-containing anterior quarter of the head kidney. The separation of the steroids produced by two HPLC systems revealed that cortisol was produced from both substrates, showing the 17 -hydroxylation of 11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone in the eel interrenal. ACTH infused at 3 pmol/kg per min for 5 h consistently increased plasma cortisol levels and interrenal P450c21 mRNA levels in seawater eels. These results showed that the interrenal-specific eel P450c21 cloned in this study is involved in cortisol production through conversion of progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone in the interrenal-containing anterior quarter of eel head kidney. Furthermore, ACTH stimulates cortisol production in part through enhanced P450c21 expression in the eel interrenal.

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Section: Enzymatic Activity Of Eel P450c21 Expressed In Cos-1 Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrenal steroid 21-hydroxylase in eels: primary structure, progesterone-specific activity and enhanced expression by ACTH

Inoue²,

Takei

2003

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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“…However, one should be cautious in generalising this finding to other fish and to other steroids. In goldfish, for example, equal amounts of glucuronidated and sulphated 17,20β-P could be found in the urine (Sorensen et al, 2000), whereas when rainbow trout were injected with tritiated free cortisol (Idler & Truscott, 1972), little or no radioactivity was recovered in the urine.…”

Section: Is It Worth Measuring Conjugated Steroids?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive measurement of steroids in fish-holding water: important considerations when applying the procedure to behaviour studies

Scott¹,

Hirschenhauser²,

Bender³

et al. 2008

Behav

109

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SummaryFish behaviourists are increasingly turning to non-invasive measurement of steroid hormones in holding water, as opposed to blood plasma. When some of us met at a workshop in Faro, Portugal, in September, 2007, we realised that there were still many issues concerning the application of this procedure that needed resolution, including: Why do we measure release rates rather than just concentrations of steroids in the water? How does one interpret steroid release rates when dealing with fish of different sizes? What are the merits of measuring conjugated as well as free steroids in water? In the 'static' sampling procedure, where fish are placed in a separate container for a short period of time, does this affect steroid releaseand, if so, how can it be minimised? After exposing a fish to a behavioural stimulus, when is the optimal time to sample? What is the minimum amount of validation when applying the procedure to a new species? The purpose of this review is to attempt to answer these questions and, in doing so, to emphasize that application of the non-invasive procedure requires more planning and validation than conventional plasma sampling. However, we consider that the rewards justify the extra effort.

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“…In teleosts, cortisol is synthesized and secreted by steroidogenic cells (Idler and Truscott, 1972), which in addition to chromaffin cells constitute the adrenal gland (Hanke and Kloas, 1995), also known as interrenal gland (Grassi Milano et al, 1997). These cells, homologous to those of tetrapod vertebrates, are arranged in groups or chords, in contact with the main veins and their tributaries present in the kidney, primarily in the anterior or cephalic portion (Grassi Milano et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interrenal gland in males of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus: Relationship with stress and the establishment of social hierarchies

Morandini¹,

Honji²,

Ramallo³

et al. 2014

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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Corticosteroids in Fish

Cited by 67 publications

References 170 publications

Interrenal steroid 21-hydroxylase in eels: primary structure, progesterone-specific activity and enhanced expression by ACTH

Interrenal steroid 21-hydroxylase in eels: primary structure, progesterone-specific activity and enhanced expression by ACTH

Non-invasive measurement of steroids in fish-holding water: important considerations when applying the procedure to behaviour studies

The interrenal gland in males of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus: Relationship with stress and the establishment of social hierarchies

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