Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for macular oedema owing to retinal vein occlusion

“…Intravitreal corticosteroid injection is thought to act through a variety of mechanisms in reducing macular oedema associated with retinal vein occlusion including reducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, 18 thus helping to stabilise the inner bloodretinal barrier. Other triamcinolone-mediated effects may include the inhibition of other proinflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes (involved in the pathogenesis of pseudophakic macular oedema 19 ) and the inhibition of protein kinase C (implicated in VEGF-induced retinal permeability seen in diabetic macular oedema 20 ).…”

Enhanced production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human monocytic cells stimulated with endotoxin through transcription factor SP-1

“…Furthermore, Brown et al [17] reported that VEGF mRNA was overexpressed in the epidermis of healing skin wounds. VEGF is induced by hypoxia [3], tumour necrosis factor-á (TNF-á) [5,6], interleukin-6 [4] or platelet-derived growth factor [18] in various normal and transformed cell types. Xiong et al [7] reported that co-stimulation with LPS and interferon-ã induced VEGF production and mRNA expression in murine peritoneal macrophages, but a recent study showed that VEGF production was enhanced by LPS alone [19].…”

Intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularisation secondary to causes other than age-related macular degeneration

“…Mechanisms of intravitreal corticosteroids include reduction of retinal capillary permeability by increasing the activity and/or density of tight junctions in the retinal capillary endothelium, 64 inhibition of the VEGF gene expression, inhibition of the VEGF metabolic pathway, 65 and suppression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-mediated leucocyte adhesion to vessel walls. 66 Corticosteroids help keep vision stable, but increase the incidence of cataracts and glaucoma.…”