Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone and Cortisol: Longitudinal Associations With Depression and Antisocial Behavior in Pregnant Adolescents

Susman, Elizabeth J.; Schmeelk, Karen H.; Worrall, Brenda K.; Ponirakis, Angelo; Chrousos, George P.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199904000-00020

Cited by 59 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In contrast to data obtained for distressed adults, lower concentrations of cortisol and CRH were associated with depression and conduct disorder symptoms in pregnant adolescents (5,17), indicating a pattern of hyporesponsiveness of the HPA axis in these women. Ponirakis et al (12) reported that pregnant adolescents with higher negative TAI scores and lower salivary cortisol concentrations had more positive birth outcomes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Our results agree with other studies involving pregnant adolescents, showing a negative association between low cortisol concentrations and symptoms of anxiety, depression, or conduct disorder (5,17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The less mature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in adolescence, along with the many hormonal changes in pregnancy, may interact with the HPA axis or with psychological factors in some unknown way, producing emotional changes in pregnant adolescents (5). Another explanation is that the high CRH and cortisol concentrations reported in depressed adults may be interpreted as a result of attempts at homeostasis following repeated depressive symptoms (17). Although adolescence is a distressful period for some women (6,8,28), adolescents experience a relatively shorter history of distress compared to adults, and probably the distressrelated alterations in HPA feedback systems have not yet become established (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another explanation is that the high CRH and cortisol concentrations reported in depressed adults may be interpreted as a result of attempts at homeostasis following repeated depressive symptoms (17). Although adolescence is a distressful period for some women (6,8,28), adolescents experience a relatively shorter history of distress compared to adults, and probably the distressrelated alterations in HPA feedback systems have not yet become established (17). Thus, low cortisol may be a physiological correlate of depression and anxiety during pregnancy in adolescence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between salivary cortisol concentrations and anxiety in adolescent and non-adolescent pregnant women

Rondó

Vaz

Moraes

et al. 2004

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The main purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between salivary cortisol concentrations and self-report anxiety in 50 adolescent and 178 non-adolescent women during the last month of pregnancy. The subjects were randomly selected from a previous study involving women who attended antenatal care from September 1997 to August 2000 at 17 health services in Southeast Brazil. Salivary cortisol was measured with an enzyme immunoassay kit, and anxiety was assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI) of Spielberger. After saliva collection, the participants completed the STAI. Mean concentrations of cortisol for both pregnant adolescents (14.17 ± 6.78 nmol/l) and non-adolescents (13.81 ± 8.51 nmol/l) were similar (P = 0.89). Forty-three percent of the pregnant adolescents and 30.5% of the non-adolescents felt anxious at the time of being questioned (State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) scores >40; P = 0.06). Cortisol concentrations in adolescents were negatively related to the SAI scores (r = -0.39; P = 0.01) which assess a temporary condition of anxiety. There was a statistically significant difference in mean cortisol concentrations between adolescents with low (≤40) and high (>40) SAI scores (P = 0.03, t-test), but no differences for non-adolescents. The negative relationship between salivary cortisol concentrations and anxiety scores in adolescents may be due to puberty-related hormone differences during this period of life. Pregnant adolescents may possess unique biological or psychological characteristics compared to adults and non-pregnant adolescents. Thus, we need to know more about the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis of pregnant adolescents.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between salivary cortisol concentrations and anxiety in adolescent and non-adolescent pregnant women

Rondó

Vaz

Moraes

et al. 2004

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…Virkkunen and Linnoila (1993) and Virkkunen et al (1994) found lower levels of ACTH in the CSF of alcoholic, impulsive offenders with an APD compared with healthy control participants, and they found no differences in CSF CRH levels. Susman et al (1999) reported that CRH levels were lower in pregnant teenage mothers with DBDs compared with teenage mothers without symptoms of DBD. In contrast, Dmitrieva et al (2001) found higher plasma ACTH levels in adolescents with CD.…”

Section: Hpa Axis and Aggressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior.

Goozen¹,

Fairchild²,

Snoek³

et al. 2007

Psychological Bulletin

414

393

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Children with persistent antisocial and aggressive behavior are diagnosed as having disruptive behavior disorder. The authors review evidence that antisocial children, and especially those who persist with this behavior as they grow older, have a range of neurobiological characteristics. It is argued that serotonergic functioning and stress-regulating mechanisms are important in explaining individual differences in antisocial behavior. Moreover, low fear of punishment and physiological underactivity may predispose antisocial individuals to seek out stimulation or take risks and may help to explain poor conditioning and socialization. The authors propose a theoretical model highlighting the interplay between neurobiological deficits and cognitive and emotional functioning as mediators of the link between early adversity and antisocial behavior problems in childhood. Implications for intervention programs are discussed.

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